| | 檀弓上: |
公仪仲子之丧，檀弓免焉。仲子舍其孙而立其子，檀弓曰：“何居？我未之前闻也。”趋而就子服伯子于门右，曰：“仲子舍其孙而立其子，何也？”伯子曰：“仲子亦犹行古之道也。昔者文王舍伯邑考而立武王，微子舍其孙腯而立衍也；夫仲子亦犹行古之道也。”子游问诸孔子，孔子曰：“否！立孙。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
At the mourning rites for Gong-yi Zhong-zi, Tan Gong (was there), wearing the mourning cincture for the head, Zhong-zi had passed over his grandson, and appointed one of his (younger) sons as his successor (and head of the family). Tan Gong said (to himself), 'How is this? I never heard of such a thing;' and he hurried to Zi-fu Bo-zi at the right of the door, and said, ' How is it that Zhong-zi passed over his grandson, and made a (younger) son his successor?' Bo-zi replied, 'Zhong-zi perhaps has done in this, like others, according to the way of antiquity. Anciently, king Wen passed over his eldest son Yi-kao, and appointed king Wu; and the count of Wei passed over his grandson Tu, and made Yan, his (own) younger brother, his successor. Zhong-zi perhaps did also in this according to the way of antiquity.' Zi-you asked Confucius (about the matter), and he said, 'Nay, (the rule is to) appoint the grandson.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
事亲有隐而无犯，左右就养无方，服勤至死，致丧三年。事君有犯而无隐，左右就养有方，服勤至死，方丧三年。事师无犯无隐，左右就养无方，服勤至死，心丧三年。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
In serving his father, (a son) should conceal (his faults), and not openly or strongly remonstrate with him about them; should in every possible way wait on and nourish him, without being tied to definite rules; should serve him laboriously till his death, and then complete the mourning for him for three' years. In serving his ruler, (a minister), should remonstrate with him openly and strongly (about his faults), and make no concealment (of them); should in every possible way wait on and nourish him, but according to definite rules; should serve him laboriously till his death, and should then wear mourning for him according to rule for three years. In serving his master, (a learner) should have nothing to do with openly reproving him or with concealing (his faults); should in every possible way wait upon and serve him, without being tied to definite rules; should serve him laboriously till his death, and mourn for him in heart for three years. |
| | 檀弓上: |
季武子成寝，杜氏之葬在西阶之下，请合葬焉，许之。入宫而不敢哭。武子曰：“合葬非古也，自周公以来，未之有改也。吾许其大而不许其细，何居？”命之哭。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
Ji Wu-zi had built a house, at the bottom of the western steps of which was the grave of the Du family. (The head of that) asked leave to bury (some member of his house) in it, and leave was granted to him to do so. (Accordingly) he entered the house (with the coffin), but did not dare to wail (in the usual fashion). Wu-zi said to him, 'To bury in the same grave was not the way of antiquity. It was begun by the duke of Zhou, and has not been changed since. I have granted you the great thing, and why should I not grant the less?' (With this) he ordered him to wail. |
| | 檀弓上: |
子上之母死而不丧。门人问诸子思曰：“昔者子之先君子丧出母乎？”曰：“然”。“子之不使白也丧之。何也？”子思曰：“昔者吾先君子无所失道；道隆则从而隆，道污则从而污。汲则安能？为汲也妻者，是为白也母；不为汲也妻者，是不为白也母。”故孔氏之不丧出母，自子思始也。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When Zi-shang's mother died, and he did not perform any mourning rites for her, the disciples of (his father) Zi-si asked him, saying, 'Did your predecessor, the superior man, observe mourning for his divorced mother?' 'Yes,' was the reply. (And the disciples went on), 'Why do you not make Bai also observe the mourning rites (for his mother)?' Zi-si said, 'My progenitor, a superior man, never failed in pursuing the right path. When a generous course was possible, he took it and behaved generously; and when it was proper to restrain his generosity, he restrained it. But how can I attain to that? While she was my wife, she was Bai's mother; but when she ceased to be my wife, she was no longer his mother.' It was in this way that the Kong family came not to observe mourning for a divorced mother; the practice began from Zi-si. |
| | 檀弓上: |
孔子曰：“拜而后稽颡，颓乎其顺也；稽颡而后拜，颀乎其至也。三年之丧，吾从其至者。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Confucius said, 'When (the mourner) bows to (the visitor), and then lays his forehead to the ground, this shows the predominance of courtesy. When he lays his forehead to the ground, and then bows (to his visitor), this shows the extreme degree of his sorrow. In the three years' mourning, I follow the extreme (demonstration).' |
| | 檀弓上: |
孔子既得合葬于防，曰：“吾闻之：古也墓而不坟；今丘也，东西南北人也，不可以弗识也。”于是封之，崇四尺。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When Confucius had succeeded in burying (his mother) in the same grave (with his father) at Fang, he said, 'I have heard that the ancients made graves (only), and raised no mound over them. But I am a man, who will be (travelling) east, west, south, and north. I cannot do without something by which I can remember (the place).' On this, he (resolved to) raise a mound (over the grave) four feet high. |
| | |
孔子先反，门人后，雨甚；至，孔子问焉曰：“尔来何迟也？”曰：“防墓崩。”孔子不应。三，孔子泫然流涕曰：“吾闻之：古不修墓。” |
| |
He then first returned, leaving the disciples behind. A great rain came on; and when they rejoined him, he asked them what had made them so late. 'The earth slipped,' they said, 'from the grave at Fang.' They told him this thrice without his giving them any answer. He then wept freely, and said, 'I have heard that the ancients did not need to repair their graves.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
孔子哭子路于中庭。有人吊者，而夫子拜之。既哭，进使者而问故。使者曰：“醢之矣。”遂命覆醢。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
Confucius was wailing for Zi-lu in his courtyard. When any came to condole with him, he bowed to them. When the wailing was over, he made the messenger come in, and asked him all about (Zi-lu's death). 'They have made him into pickle,' said the messenger; and forthwith Confucius ordered the pickle (in the house) to be thrown away. |
| | 檀弓上: |
曾子曰：“朋友之墓，有宿草而不哭焉。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Zeng-zi said, 'When the grass is old on the grave of a friend, we no (longer) wall for him.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
子思曰：“丧三日而殡，凡附于身者，必诚必信，勿之有悔焉耳矣。三月而葬，凡附于棺者，必诚必信，勿之有悔焉耳矣。丧三年以为极，亡则弗之忘矣。故君子有终身之忧，而无一朝之患。故忌日不乐。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Zi-si said, 'On the third day of mourning, when the body is put into the coffin, (a son) should exercise sincerity and good faith in regard to everything that is placed with it, so that there shall be no occasion for repentance. In the third month when the body is interred, he should do the same in regard to everything that is placed with the coffin in the grave, and for the same reason. Three years are considered as the extreme limit of mourning; but though (his parents) are out of sight, a son does not forget them. Hence a superior man will have a lifelong grief, but not one morning's trouble (from without); and thus on the anniversary of a parent's death, he does not listen to music.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
孔子少孤，不知其墓。殡于五父之衢。人之见之者，皆以为葬也。其慎也，盖殡也。问于郰曼父之母，然后得合葬于防。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
Confucius, being quite young when he was left fatherless, did not know (his father's) grave. (Afterwards) he had (his mother's) body coffined in the street of Wu-fu. Those who saw it all thought that it was to be interred there, so carefully was (everything done), but it was (only) the coffining. By inquiring of the mother of Man-fu of Zou, he succeeded in burying it in the same grave (with his father) at Fang. |
| | 檀弓上: |
邻有丧，舂不相；里有殡，不巷歌。丧冠不緌。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When there are mourning rites in the neighbourhood, one should not accompany his pestle with his voice. When there is a body shrouded and coffined in his village, one should not sing in the lanes. For a mourning cap the ends of the ties should not hang down. |
| | 檀弓上: |
有虞氏瓦棺，夏后氏堲周，殷人棺椁，周人墙置翣。周人以殷人之棺椁葬长殇，以夏后氏之堲周葬中殇、下殇，以有虞氏之瓦棺葬无服之殇。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
(In the time of Shun) of Yu they used earthenware coffins; under the sovereigns of Xia, they surrounded these with an enclosure of bricks. The people of Yin used wooden coffins, the outer and inner. They of Zhou added the surrounding curtains and the feathery ornaments. The people of Zhou buried those who died between 16 and 19 in the coffins of Yin; those who died between 12 and 15 or between 8 and 11 in the brick enclosures of Xia; and those who died (still younger), for whom no mourning is worn, in the earthenware enclosures of the time of the lord of Yu. |
| | 檀弓上: |
夏后氏尚黑；大事敛用昏，戎事乘骊，牲用玄。殷人尚白；大事敛用日中，戎事乘翰，牲用白。周人尚赤；大事敛用日出，戎事乘騵，牲用騂。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
Under the sovereigns of Xia they preferred what was black. On great occasions (of mourning), for preparing the body and putting it into the coffin, they used the dusk; for the business of war, they used black horses in their chariots; and the victims which they used were black. Under the Yin dynasty they preferred what was white. On occasions of mourning, for coffining the body, they used the midday; for the business of war they used white horses; and their victims were white. Under the Zhou dynasty they preferred what was red. On occasions of mourning, they coffined the body at sunrise; for the business of war they used red horses, with black manes and tails; and their victims were red. |
| | 檀弓上: |
穆公之母卒，使人问于曾子曰：“如之何？”对曰：“申也闻诸申之父曰：哭泣之哀、齐斩之情、饘粥之食，自天子达。布幕，卫也；縿幕，鲁也。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
When the mother of duke Mu of Lu died, he sent to ask Zeng-zi what (ceremonies) he should observe. Zeng-zi said, 'I have heard from my father that the sorrow declared in the weeping and wailing, the feelings expressed in the robe of sackcloth with even or with frayed edges, and the food of rice made thick or in congee, extend from the son of Heaven to all. But the tent-like covering (for the coffin) is of (linen) cloth in Wei, and of silk in Lu.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
晋献公将杀其世子申生，公子重耳谓之曰：“子盖言子之志于公乎？”世子曰：“不可，君安骊姬，是我伤公之心也。”曰：“然则盖行乎？”世子曰：“不可，君谓我欲弑君也，天下岂有无父之国哉！吾何行如之？”使人辞于狐突曰：“申生有罪，不念伯氏之言也，以至于死，申生不敢爱其死；虽然，吾君老矣，子少，国家多难，伯氏不出而图吾君，伯氏茍出而图吾君，申生受赐而死。”再拜稽首，乃卒。是以为“恭世子”也。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
Duke Xian of Jin, intending to put to death his heir-son Shen-sheng, another son, Chong-er, said to the latter, 'Why should you not tell what is in your mind to the duke?' The heir-son said, 'I cannot do so. The ruler is happy with the lady Ji of Li. I should (only) wound his heart.' 'Then,' continued the other, 'Why not go away?' The heir son replied, 'I cannot do so. The ruler says that I wish to murder him. Is there any state where the (sacredness) of a father is not recognised? Where should I go to obviate this charge?' (At the same time) he sent a man to take leave (for him) of Hu Tu, with the message, 'I was wrong in not thinking (more) of your words, my old friend, and that neglect is occasioning my death. Though I do not presume to grudge dying, yet our ruler is old, and his (favourite) son is (quite) young. Many difficulties are threatening the state, and you, old Sir, do not come forth (from your retirement), and consult for (the good of) our ruler. If you will come forth and do this, I will die (with the feeling that I) have received a (great) favour from you.' He (then) bowed twice, laying his head to the ground, after which he died (by his own hand). On this account he became (known in history as)'the Reverential Heir-son'.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
鲁人有朝祥而莫歌者，子路笑之。夫子曰：“由，尔责于人，终无已夫？三年之丧，亦已久矣夫。”子路出，夫子曰：“又多乎哉！逾月则其善也。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
There was a man of Lu, who, after performing in the morning the ceremony which introduced the 25th month of his mourning, began to sing in the evening. Zi-lu laughed at him, (but) the Master said, 'You, will you never have done with your finding fault with people? The mourning for three years is indeed long.' When Zi-lu went out, the Master said, 'Would he still have had to wait long? In another month (he might have sung, and) it would have been well.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
鲁庄公及宋人战于乘丘。县贲父御，卜国为右。马惊，败绩，公队。佐车授绥。公曰：“末之卜也。”县贲父曰：“他日不败绩，而今败绩，是无勇也。”遂死之。圉人浴马，有流矢在白肉。公曰：“非其罪也。”遂诔之。士之有诔，自此始也。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
Duke Zhuang of Lu fought a battle with the men of Song at Sheng-qiu. Xian Ben-fu was driving, and Bu Guo was spearman on the right. The horses got frightened, and the carriage was broken, so that the duke fell down. They handed the strap of a relief chariot (that drove up) to him, when he said, 'I did not consult the tortoise-shell (about the movement).' Xiun Ben-fu said, 'On no other occasion did such a disaster occur; that it has occurred to-day is owing to my want of courage. Forthwith he died (in the fight). When the groom was bathing the horses, a random arrow was found (in one of them), sticking in the flesh under the flank; and (on learning this), the duke said, 'It was not his fault; and he conferred on him an honorary name. The practice of giving such names to (ordinary) officers began from this. |
| | 檀弓上: |
曾子寝疾，病。乐正子春坐于床下，曾元、曾申坐于足，童子隅坐而执烛。童子曰：“华而睆，大夫之箦与？”子春曰：“止！”曾子闻之，瞿然曰：“呼！”曰：“华而睆，大夫之箦与？”曾子曰：“然，斯季孙之赐也，我未之能易也。元，起易箦。”曾元曰：“夫子之病帮矣，不可以变，幸而至于旦，请敬易之。”曾子曰：“尔之爱我也不如彼。君子之爱人也以德，细人之爱人也以姑息。吾何求哉？吾得正而毙焉斯已矣。”举扶而易之。反席未安而没。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
Zeng-zi was lying in his chamber very ill. Yue-zheng Zi-chun was sitting by the side of the couch; Zeng Yuan and Zeng Shen were sitting at (their father's) feet; and there was a lad sitting in a corner holding a torch, who said, 'How beautifully coloured and bright! Is it not the mat of a Great officer?' Zi-chun (tried to) stop him, but Zeng-zi had heard him, and in a tone of alarm called him, when he repeated what he had said. 'Yes,' said Zeng-zi, 'it was the gift of Ji-sun, and I have not been able to change it. Get up, Yuan, and change the mat.' Zang Yuan said, 'Your illness is extreme. It cannot now be changed. If you happily survive till the morning, I will ask your leave and reverently change it! Zeng-zi said, 'Your love of me is not equal to his. A superior man loves another on grounds of virtue; a little man's love of another is seen in his indulgence of him. What do I seek for? I want for nothing but to die in the correct way.' They then raised him up, and changed the mat. When he was replaced on the new one, before he could compose himself, he expired. |
| | 檀弓上: |
始死，充充如有穷；既殡，瞿瞿如有求而弗得；既葬，皇皇如有望而弗至。练而慨然，祥而廓然。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When (a father) has just died, (the son) should appear quite overcome, and as if he were at his wits' end; when the corpse has been put into the coffin, he should cast quick and sorrowful glances around, as if he were seeking for something and could not find it; when the interment has taken place, he should look alarmed and. restless, as if he were looking for some one who does not arrive; at the end of the first year's mourning, he should look sad and disappointed; and at the end of the second year's, he should have a vague and unreliant look. |
| | 檀弓上: |
邾娄复之以矢，盖自战于升陉始也。鲁妇人之髽而吊也，自败于台鲐始也。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
The practice in Zhu-lou of calling the (spirits of the dead) back with arrows took its rise from the battle of Sheng-xing. That in Lu of the women making their visits of condolence (simply) with a band of sackcloth round their hair took its rise from the defeat at Yi-tai. |
| | 檀弓上: |
南宫绛之妻之姑之丧，夫子诲之髽曰：“尔毋从从尔，尔毋扈扈尔。盖榛以为笄，长尺，而总八寸。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
At the mourning for her mother-in-law, the Master instructed (his niece), the wife of Nan-gong Jiang, about the way in which she should tie up her hair with sackcloth, saying, 'Do not make it very high, nor very broad. Have the hair-pin of hazel-wood, and the hair-knots (hanging down) eight inches.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
孟献子禫，县而不乐，比御而不入。夫子曰：“献子加于人一等矣！” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Meng Xian-zi, after the service which ended the mourning rites, had his instruments of music hung on their stands,. but did not use them; and when he might have approached the inmates of his harem, he did not enter it. The Master said, 'Xian-zi is a degree above other men.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
孔子既祥，五日弹琴而不成声，十日而成笙歌。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
Confucius, after the service at the close of the one year's mourning, in five days more (began to) handle his lute, but brought no perfect sounds from it; in ten days he played on the organ and sang to it. |
| | 檀弓上: |
有子盖既祥而丝屦组缨。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
You-zi, it appears, after the service of the same period of mourning, wore shoes of (white) silk, and had ribbons of (white) silk for his cap-strings. |
| | 檀弓上: |
死而不吊者三：畏、厌、溺。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
There are three deaths on which no condolence should be offered: from cowardice; from being crushed (through heedlessness); and from drowning. |
| | 檀弓上: |
子路有姊之丧，可以除之矣，而弗除也，孔子曰：“何弗除也？”子路曰：“吾寡兄弟而弗忍也。”孔子曰：“先王制礼，行道之人皆弗忍也。”子路闻之，遂除之。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When Zi-lu might have ended his mourning for his eldest sister, he still did not do so. Confucius said to him, 'Why do you not leave off your mourning?' He replied, 'I have but few brothers, and I cannot bear to do so.' Confucius said, 'When the ancient kings framed their rules, (they might have said that) they could not bear (to cease mourning) even for (ordinary) men on the roads.' When Zi-lu heard this, he forthwith left off his mourning. |
| | 檀弓上: |
大公封于营丘，比及五世，皆反葬于周。君子曰：“乐乐其所自生，礼不忘其本。古之人有言曰：狐死正丘首。仁也。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Tai-gong was invested with his state, (and had his capital) in Ying-qiu; but for five generations (his descendants, the marquises of Qi) were all taken back and buried in Zhou. A superior man has said, 'For music, we use that of him from whom we sprang; in ceremonies, we do not forget him to whom we trace our root.' The ancients had a saying, that a fox, when dying, adjusts its head in the direction of the mound (where it was whelped); manifesting thereby (how it shares in the feeling of) humanity. |
| | 檀弓上: |
伯鱼之母死，期而犹哭。夫子闻之曰：“谁与哭者？”门人曰：“鲤也。”夫子曰：“嘻！其甚也。”伯鱼闻之，遂除之。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When the mother of Bo-Yu died, he kept on wailing for her after the year. Confucius heard him, and said, 'Who is it that is thus wailing?' The disciples said, 'It is Li.' The Master said, 'Ah! (such a demonstration) is excessive.' When Bo-Yu heard it, he forthwith gave up wailing. |
| | 檀弓上: |
舜葬于苍梧之野，盖三妃未之从也。季武子曰：“周公盖祔。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Shun was buried in the wilderness of Cang-wu, and it would thus appear that the three ladies of his harem were not buried in the same grave with him. Ji Wu-zi said, 'Burying (husband and wife) in the same grave appears to have originated with the duke of Zhou.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
曾子之丧，浴于爨室。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
At the mourning rites for Zeng-zi, his body was washed in the cook-room. |
| | 檀弓上: |
大功废业。或曰：“大功，诵可也。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
During the mourning for nine months one should suspend his (musical) studies. Some one has said, 'It is permissible during that time to croon over the words (of the pieces).' |
| | 檀弓上: |
子张病，召申祥而语之曰：“君子曰终，小人曰死；吾今日其庶几乎！” |
| Tan Gong I: |
When Zi-zhang was ill, he called (his son), Shen-xiang, and addressed him, saying, 'We speak of the end of a superior man, and of the death of a small man. I am to-day, perhaps, drawing near to my end (as a superior man).' |
| | 檀弓上: |
曾子曰：“始死之奠，其馀阁也与？” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Zeng-zi said, 'May not what remains in the cupboard suffice to set down (as the offerings) by (the corpse of) one who has just died?' |
| | 檀弓上: |
曾子曰：“小功不为位也者，是委巷之礼也。子思之哭嫂也为位，妇人倡踊；申祥之哭言思也亦然。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Zeng-zi said, 'Not to have places (for wailing) in cases of the five months' mourning is a rule which sprang from the ways in small lanes.' When Zi-si wailed for his sister-in-law, he made such places, and his wife took the lead in the stamping. When Shen-xiang wailed for Yan-si, he also did the same. |
| | 檀弓上: |
古者，冠缩缝，今也，衡缝；故丧冠之反吉，非古也。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
Anciently, (all) caps were (made) with the seams going up and down them; now the (mourning cap) is made with the seams going round. Hence to have the mourning cap different from that worn on felicitous occasions is not the way of antiquity. |
| | 檀弓上: |
曾子谓子思曰：“汲！吾执亲之丧也，水浆不入于口者七日。”子思曰：“先王之制礼也，过之者俯而就之，不至焉者，跂而及之。故君子之执亲之丧也，水浆不入于口者三日，杖而后能起。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Zeng-zi said to Zi-si, 'Ji, when I was engaged in the mourning for my parents, no water or other liquid entered my mouth for seven days.' Zi-si said, 'With regard to the rules of ceremony framed by the ancient kings, those who would go beyond them should stoop down to them, and those who do not reach them should stand on tip-toe to do so. Hence, when a superior man is engaged in mourning for his parents, no water or other liquid enters his mouth for three days, and with the aid of his staff he is still able to rise.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
曾子曰：“小功不税，则是远兄弟终无服也，而可乎？” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Zeng-zi said, 'If, in cases coming under the five months' mourning, none be worn when the death is not heard of till after the lapse of that time, then when brethren are far apart there would be no wearing of mourning for them at all; and would this be right?' |
| | 檀弓上: |
伯高之丧，孔氏之使者未至，冉子摄束帛、乘马而将之。孔子曰：“异哉！徒使我不诚于伯高。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
On the mourning rites for Bo-gao, before the messenger from Confucius could arrive, Ran-zi had taken it on him, as his substitute, to present a parcel of silks and a team of four horses. Confucius said, 'Strange! He has only made me fail in showing my sincerity in the case of Bo-gao.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
伯高死于卫，赴于孔子，孔子曰：“吾恶乎哭诸？兄弟，吾哭诸庙；父之友，吾哭诸庙门之外；师，吾哭诸寝；朋友，吾哭诸寝门之外；所知，吾哭诸野。于野，则已疏；于寝，则已重。夫由赐也见我，吾哭诸赐氏。”遂命子贡为之主，曰：“为尔哭也来者，拜之；知伯高而来者，勿拜也。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Bo-gao died in Wei, and news of the event was sent to Confucius. He said, 'Where shall I wail for him? For brethren, I wail in the ancestral temple; for a friend of my father, outside the gate of the temple; for a teacher, in my chamber; for a friend, outside the door of the chamber; for an acquaintance, in the open country, (some distance off). (To wail) in the open country would in this case be too slight (an expression of grief), and to do so in the bed-chamber would be too great a one. But it was by Ci that he was introduced to me. I will wail for him in Ci's.' Accordingly he ordered Zi-gong to act as presiding mourner on the occasion, saying to him, 'Bow to those who come because you have a wailing in your house, but do not bow to those who come (simply) because they knew Bo-gao.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
曾子曰：“丧有疾，食肉饮酒，必有草木之滋焉。以为姜桂之谓也。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Zeng-zi said, 'When one during his mourning rites falls ill, and has to eat meat and drink spirits, there must be added the strengthening flavours from vegetables and trees;' meaning thereby ginger and cinnamon. |
| | 檀弓上: |
子夏丧其子而丧其明。曾子吊之曰：“吾闻之也：朋友丧明则哭之。”曾子哭，子夏亦哭，曰：“天乎！予之无罪也。”曾子怒曰：“商，女何无罪也？吾与女事夫子于洙泗之间，退而老于西河之上，使西河之民疑女于夫子，尔罪一也；丧尔亲，使民未有闻焉，尔罪二也；丧尔子，丧尔明，尔罪三也。而曰女何无罪与！”子夏投其杖而拜曰：“吾过矣！吾过矣！吾离群而索居，亦已久矣。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
When Zi-xia was mourning for his son, he lost his eyesight. Zeng-zi went to condole with him, and said, 'I have heard that when a friend loses his eyesight, we should wail for him.' Thereupon he wailed, and Zi-xia also wailed, and said, 'O Heaven, and I have no guilt!' Zeng-zi was angry, and said, 'Shang, how can you say that you have no guilt? I and you served the Master between the Zhu and the Si'; and (after his death) you retired, and grew old in the neighbourhood of the Western He, where you made the people compare you with the Master. This was one offence. When you mourned for your parents, you did so in such a way that the people heard nothing of it. This was a second offence. When you mourned for your son, you did it in such a way that you have lost your eyesight. This is a third offence. And how do you say that you have no guilt?' Zi-xia threw down his staff, and bowed, saying, 'I was wrong, I was wrong. It is a long time since I left the herd, and lived apart here.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
夫昼居于内，问其疾可也；夜居于外，吊之可也。是故君子非有大故，不宿于外；非致齐也、非疾也，不昼夜居于内。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When a man stops during the daytime in his inner (chamber), it is allowable to come and ask about his illness. When he stops outside during the night, it is allowable to come and condole with him. Hence a superior man, except for some great cause, does not pass the night outside (his chamber); and unless he is carrying out a fast or is ill, he does not day and night stop inside. |
| | 檀弓上: |
高子皋之执亲之丧也，泣血三年，未尝见齿，君子以为难。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When Gao Zi-gao was engaged with the mourning for his parents, his tears flowed (silently) like blood for three years, and he never (laughed) so as to show his teeth. Superior men considered that he did a difficult thing. |
| | 檀弓上: |
衰，与其不当物也，宁无衰。齐衰不以边坐，大功不以服勤。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
It is better not to wear mourning at all than not to have it of the proper materials and fashion. When wearing the sackcloth with the edges even (for a mother), one should not sit unevenly or to one side, nor should he do any toilsome labour, (even) in the nine months' mourning. |
| | 檀弓上: |
孔子之卫，遇旧馆人之丧，入而哭之哀。出，使子贡说骖而赙之。子贡曰：“于门人之丧，未有所说骖，说骖于旧馆，无乃已重乎？”夫子曰：“予乡者入而哭之，遇于一哀而出涕。予恶夫涕之无从也。小子行之。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
When Confucius went to Wei, he found the mourning rites going on for a man with whom he had formerly lodged. Entering the house, he wailed for him bitterly; and when he came out, he told Zi-gong to take out the outside horses of his carriage, and present them as his gift. Zi-gong said, 'At the mourning for any of your disciples, you have never taken out those horses (for such a purpose); is it not excessive to do so for a man with whom you (merely) lodged?' The Master said, 'I entered a little ago, and wailed for him; and I found (the mourner) so dissolved in grief that my tears flowed (with his). I should hate it, if those tears were not (properly) followed. Do it, my child.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
孔子在卫，有送葬者，而夫子观之，曰：“善哉为丧乎！足以为法矣，小子识之。”子贡曰：“夫子何善尔也？”曰：“其往也如慕，其反也如疑。”子贡曰：“岂若速反而虞乎？”子曰：“小子识之，我未之能行也。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
When Confucius was in Wei, there was (a son) following his (father's) coffin to the grave. After Confucius had looked at him, he said, 'How admirably did he manage this mourning rite! He is fit to be a pattern. Remember it, my little children.' Zi-gong said, 'What did you, Master, see in him so admirable?' 'He went,' was the reply, 'as if he were full of eager affection. He came back (looking) as if he were in doubt.' 'Would it not have been better, if he had come back hastily, to present the offering of repose?' The Master said, 'Remember it, my children. I have not been able to attain to it.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
颜渊之丧，馈祥肉，孔子出受之，入，弹琴而后食之。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
At the mourning rites for Yan Yuan, some of the flesh of the sacrifice at the end of (? two) years was sent to Confucius, who went out and received it, On re-entering he played on his lute, and afterwards ate it. |
| | 檀弓上: |
孔子与门人立，拱而尚右，二三子亦皆尚右。孔子曰：“二三子之嗜学也，我则有姊之丧故也。”二三子皆尚左。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
Confucius was standing (once) with his disciples, having his hands joined across his breast, and the right hand uppermost. They also all placed their right hands uppermost. He said to them, 'You do so from your wish to imitate me, but I place my hands so, because I am mourning for an elder sister.' On this they all placed their left hands uppermost (according to the usual fashion). |
| | 檀弓上: |
孔子蚤作，负手曳杖，消摇于门，歌曰：“泰山其颓乎？梁木其坏乎？哲人其萎乎？”既歌而入，当户而坐。子贡闻之曰：“泰山其颓，则吾将安仰？梁木其坏、哲人其萎，则吾将安放？夫子殆将病也。”遂趋而入。夫子曰：“赐！尔来何迟也？夏后氏殡于东阶之上，则犹在阼也；殷人殡于两楹之间，则与宾主夹之也；周人殡于西阶之上，则犹宾之也。而丘也殷人也。予畴昔之夜，梦坐奠于两楹之间。夫明王不兴，而天下其孰能宗予？予殆将死也。”盖寝疾七日而没。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
Confucius rose early (one day), and with his hands behind him, and trailing his staff, moved slowly about near the door, singing, "The great mountain must crumble; The strong beam must break; The wise man must wither away like a plant.' Having thus sung, he entered and sat down opposite the door. Zi-gong had heard him, and said, 'If the great mountain crumble, to what shall I look up? If the strong beam break, (on what shall I lean)? If the wise man wither like a plant, whom, shall I imitate? The Master, I am afraid, is going to be ill.' He then hastened into the house. The Master said, Ci, what makes you so late? Under the sovereigns of Xia, the body was dressed and coffined at the top of the steps on the east, so that it was where the deceased used to go up (as master of the house). The people of Yin performed the same ceremony between the two pillars, so that the steps for the host were on one side of the corpse, and those for the guest on the other. The people of Zhou perform it at the top of the western steps, treating the deceased as if he were a guest. I am a man (descended from the house) of Yin, and last night I dreamt that I was sitting with the offerings to the dead by my side between the two pillars. Intelligent kings do not arise; and what one under heaven s able to take me as his Master? I apprehend I am about to die.' With this he took to his bed, was ill for seven days, and died. |
| | 檀弓上: |
孔子之丧，门人疑所服。子贡曰：“昔者夫子之丧颜渊，若丧子而无服；丧子路亦然。请丧夫子，若丧父而无服。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
At the mourning rites for Confucius, the disciples were in perplexity as to what dress they should wear. Zi-gong said, 'Formerly, when the Master was mourning for Yan Yuan, he acted in other respects as if he were mourning for a son, but wore no mourning dress. He did the same in the case of Zi-lu. Let us mourn for the Master, as if we were mourning for a father, but wear no mourning dress.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
孔子之丧，公西赤为志焉：饰棺、墙，置翣设披，周也；设崇，殷也；绸练设旐，夏也。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
At the mourning for Confucius, Gong-xi Chi made the ornaments of commemoration. As the adornments of the coffin, there were the wall-like curtains, the fan-like screens, and the cords at its sides, after the manner of Zhou. There were the flags with their toothed edges, after the manner of Yin; and there were the flag-staffs bound with white silk, and long streamers pendent from them, after the manner of Xia. |
| | 檀弓上: |
子张之丧，公明仪为志焉；褚幕丹质，蚁结于四隅，殷士也。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
At the mourning for Zi-zhang, Gong-ming made the ornaments of commemoration. There was a tent-like pall, made of plain silk of a carnation colour, with clusters of ants at the four corners, (as if he had been) an officer of Yin. |
| | 檀弓上: |
子夏问于孔子曰：“居父母之仇如之何？”夫子曰：“寝苫枕干，不仕，弗与共天下也；遇诸市朝，不反兵而斗。”曰：“请问居昆弟之仇如之何？”曰：“仕弗与共国；衔君命而使，虽遇之不斗。”曰：“请问居从父昆弟之仇如之何？”曰：“不为魁，主人能，则执兵而陪其后。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Zi-xia asked Confucius, saying, 'How should (a son) conduct himself with reference to the man who has killed his father or mother?' The Master said, 'He should sleep on straw, with his shield for a pillow; he should not take office; he must be determined not to live with the slayer under the same heaven. If he meet with him in the market-place or the court, he should not have to go back for his weapon, but (instantly) fight with him.' 'Allow me to ask,' said (the other), 'how one should do with reference to the man who has slain his brother?' 'He may take office,' was the reply, 'but not in the same state with the slayer; if he be sent on a mission by his ruler's orders, though he may then meet with the man, he should not fight with him.' 'And how should one do,' continued Zi-xia, 'in the case of a man who has slain one of his paternal cousins?' Confucius said, 'He should not take the lead (in the avenging). If he whom it chiefly concerns is able to do that, he should support him from behind, with his weapon in his hand.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
孔子之丧，二三子皆绖而出。群居则绖，出则否。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
At the mourning rites for Confucius, his disciples all wore their head-bands of sackcloth, when they went out. For one of their own number, they wore them in the house (when condoling), but not when they went out. |
| | 檀弓上: |
易墓，非古也。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
Keeping (the ground about) their graves clear of grass was not a practice of antiquity. |
| | 檀弓上: |
子路曰：“吾闻诸夫子：丧礼，与其哀不足而礼有馀也，不若礼不足而哀有馀也。祭礼，与其敬不足而礼有馀也，不若礼不足而敬有馀也。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Zi-lu said, 'I heard the Master say that in the rites of mourning, exceeding grief with deficient rites is better than little demonstration of grief with superabounding rites; and that in those of sacrifice, exceeding reverence with deficient rites is better than an excess of rites with but little reverence.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
曾子吊于负夏，主人既祖，填池，推柩而反之，降妇人而后行礼。从者曰：“礼与？”曾子曰：“夫祖者且也；且，胡为其不可以反宿也？”从者又问诸子游曰：“礼与？”子游曰：“饭于牖下，小敛于户内，大敛于阼，殡于客位，祖于庭，葬于墓，所以即远也。故丧事有进而无退。”曾子闻之曰：“多矣乎，予出祖者。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Zeng-zi having gone on a visit of condolence to Fu-Xia, the chief mourner had already presented the sacrifice of departure, and removed the offerings. He caused the bier, however, to be pushed back to its former place, and made the women come down (again), after which (the visitor) went through his ceremony. The disciples who accompanied Zeng-zi asked him if this proceeding were according to rule, and he said, 'The sacrifice at starting is an unimportant matter, And why might he not bring (the bier) back, and 'let it rest (for a while)?' The disciples further asked the same question of Zi-you, who said, 'The rice and precious shell are put into the mouth of the corpse under the window (of the western chamber); the slighter dressing is done inside the door, and the more complete one at (the top of) the eastern steps; the coffining takes place at the guests' place; the sacrifice at starting in the courtyard; and the interment at the grave. The proceedings go on in this way to what is more remote, and hence in the details of mourning there is a constant advance and no receding.' When Zeng-zi heard of this reply, he said, 'This is a much better account than I gave of the going forth to offer the sacrifice of departure.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
曾子袭裘而吊，子游裼裘而吊。曾子指子游而示人曰：“夫夫也，为习于礼者，如之何其裼裘而吊也？”主人既小敛、袒、括发；子游趋而出，袭裘带绖而入。曾子曰：“我过矣，我过矣，夫夫是也。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Zeng-zi went an a visit of condolence, wearing his fur robe over the silk one, while Zi-you went, wearing the silk one over his fur. Zeng-zi, pointing to him, and calling the attention of others, said, 'That man has the reputation of being well versed in ceremonies, how is it that he comes to condole with his silk robe displayed over his fur one?' (By-and-by), when the chief mourner had finished the slighter dressing of the corpse, he bared his breast and tied up his hair with sackcloth, on which Zi-you hastened out, and (soon) came back, wearing his fur robe over the silk, and with a girdle of sackcloth. Zeng-zi on this said, 'I was wrong, I was wrong. That man was right.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
子夏既除丧而见，予之琴，和之不和，弹之而不成声。作而曰：“哀未忘也。先王制礼，而弗敢过也。”子张既除丧而见，予之琴，和之而和，弹之而成声，作而曰：“先王制礼不敢不至焉。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
When Zi-xia was introduced (to the Master) after he had put off the mourning (for his parents), a lute was given to him. He tried to tune it, but could hardly do so; he touched it, but brought no melody from it. He rose up and said, 'I have not yet forgotten my grief. The ancient kings framed the rules of ceremony, and I dare not go beyond them?' When a lute was given to Zi-zhang in the same circumstances, he tried to tune it, and easily did so; he touched it, and brought melody from it. He rose up and said, 'The ancient kings framed the rules of ceremony, and I do not dare not to come up to them.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
司寇惠子之丧，子游为之麻衰牡麻绖，文子辞曰：“子辱与弥牟之弟游，又辱为之服，敢辞。”子游曰：“礼也。”文子退反哭，子游趋而就诸臣之位，文子又辞曰：“子辱与弥牟之弟游，又辱为之服，又辱临其丧，敢辞。”子游曰：“固以请。”文子退，扶适子南面而立曰：“子辱与弥牟之弟游，又辱为之服，又辱临其丧，虎也敢不复位。”子游趋而就客位。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
At the mourning rites for Hui-zi, who had been minister of Crime, Zi-you (went to condole), wearing for him a robe of sackcloth, and a headband made of the product of the male plant. Wen-zi (the brother of Hui-zi), wishing to decline the honour, said, 'You condescended to be the associate of my younger brother, and now further condescend to wear this mourning; I venture to decline the honour.' Zi-you said, 'It is in, rule;' on which Wen-zi returned and continued his wailing. Zi-you then hastened and took his place among the officers (of the family); but Wen-zi also declined this honour, and said, 'You condescended to be the associate of my younger brother, and now further condescend to wear for him this mourning, and to come and take part in the mourning rites I venture to decline the honour.' Zi-you said, 'I beg firmly to request you to allow me (to remain here).' Wen-zi then returned, and supporting the rightful son to take his position with his face to the south, said, 'You condescended to be the associate of my younger brother, and now you further condescend to wear this mourning for him, and to come and take part in the rites; dare Hu but return to his (proper) place?' Zi-you on this hastened to take his position among the guests'. |
| | 檀弓上: |
将军文子之丧，既除丧，而后越人来吊，主人深衣练冠，待于庙，垂涕洟，子游观之曰：“将军文氏之子其庶几乎！亡于礼者之礼也，其动也中。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
At the mourning rites for the general Wen-zi, when the first year's mourning was at an end, there came a man from Yue on a visit of condolence. The chief mourner, wearing the long robe (assumed on the completion of the first year's mourning), and the cap worn before that, wailed for him in the ancestral temple, with the tears running from his eyes and the rheum from his nose. Zi-you saw it, and said, 'The son of the general Wen is not far from being (a master of ceremonies). In his observances at this time, for which there is no special rule, his proceeding is correct.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
幼名，冠字，五十以伯仲，死谥，周道也。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
The giving of the name in childhood, of the designation at the capping, of the title of elder uncle or younger uncle at fifty, and of the honorary title after death, was the practice of the Zhou dynasty. |
| | 檀弓上: |
绖也者，实也。掘中溜而浴，毁灶以缀足；及葬，毁宗躐行，出于大门，殷道也。学者行之。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
The wearing of the sackcloth head-bands and girdles, to express the real (feeling of the heart); the digging a hole in the middle of the apartment (over which) to wash (the corpse); taking down the (tiles of the) furnace, and placing them at the feet (of it); and at the interment pulling down (part of the wall on the west of the door of) the ancestral temple, so as to pass by the upper side (of the altar to the spirit) of the way, and issue by the great gate - these were the practices of the Yin dynasty, and the learners (in the school of Confucius) followed them. |
| | 檀弓上: |
子柳之母死，子硕请具。子柳曰：“何以哉？”子硕曰：“请粥庶弟之母。”子柳曰：“如之何其粥人之母以葬其母也？不可。”既葬，子硕欲以赙布之馀具祭器。子柳曰：“不可，吾闻之也：君子不家于丧。请班诸兄弟之贫者。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
When the mother of Zi-liu died, (his younger brother) Zi-shi asked for the means (to provide what was necessary for the mourning rites). Zi-liu said, 'How shall we get them?' 'Let us sell (the concubines), the mothers of our half-brothers,' said the other. 'How can we sell the mothers of other men to bury our mother?' was the reply; 'that cannot be done.' After the burial, Zi-shi wished to take what remained of the money and other things contributed towards their expenses, to provide sacrificial vessels; but Zi-liu said, 'Neither can that be done. I have heard that a superior man will not enrich his family by means of his mourning. Let us distribute it among the poor of our brethren.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
君子曰：“谋人之军师，败则死之；谋人之邦邑，危则亡之。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
A superior man said, 'He who has given counsel to another about his army should die with it when it is defeated. He who has given counsel about the country or its capital should perish with it when it comes into peril.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
公叔文子升于瑕丘，蘧伯玉从。文子曰：“乐哉斯丘也，死则我欲葬焉。”蘧伯玉曰：“吾子乐之，则瑗请前。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Gong-shu Wen-zi ascended the mound of Xia, with, Qu Bo-Yu following him. Wen-zi said, 'How pleasant is this mound! I should like to be buried here when I die.' Qu Bo-Yu said, 'You may find pleasure in such a thought, but allow me (to go home) before (you say any more about it) |
| | 檀弓上: |
弁人有其母死而孺子泣者，孔子曰：“哀则哀矣，而难为继也。夫礼，为可传也，为可继也。故哭踊有节。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
There was a man of Bian who wept like a child on the death of his mother. Confucius said, 'This is grief indeed, but it would be difficult to continue it. Now the rules of ceremony require to be handed down, and to be perpetuated. Hence the wailing and leaping are subject to fixed regulations.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
叔孙武叔之母死，既小敛，举者出户，出户袒，且投其冠括发。子游曰：“知礼。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
When the mother of Shu-sun Wu-shu died, and the slighter dressing had been completed, the bearers went out at the door (of the apartment) with the corpse. When he had himself gone out at the door, he bared his arms, throwing down also his cap, and binding his hair with sackcloth, Zi-you said (in derision), 'He knows the rules!' |
| | 檀弓上: |
扶君，卜人师扶右，射人师扶左；君薨以是举。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
(When a ruler was ill), the high chamberlain supported him on the right, and the assigner of positions at audiences did so on the left. When he died these two officers lifted (the corpse). |
| | 檀弓上: |
从母之夫，舅之妻，二夫人相为服，君子未之言也。或曰同爨缌。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
There are the husband of a maternal cousin and the wife of a maternal uncle; that these two should wear mourning for each other has not been said by any superior man. Some one says, 'If they have eaten together from the same fireplace, the three months' mourning should be worn.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
丧事，欲其纵纵尔；吉事，欲其折折尔。故丧事虽遽，不陵节；吉事虽止，不怠。故骚骚尔则野，鼎鼎尔则小人。君子盖犹犹尔。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
It is desirable that affairs of mourning should be gone about with urgency, and festive affairs in a leisurely way. Hence, though affairs of mourning require urgency, they should not go beyond the prescribed rules; and though festive affairs may be delayed, they should not be transacted negligently. Hurry therefore (in the former) becomes rudeness, and too much ease (in the latter) shows a small man. The superior man will conduct himself in them as they severally require. |
| | 檀弓上: |
丧具，君子耻具，一日二日而可为也者，君子弗为也。丧服，兄弟之子犹子也，盖引而进之也；嫂叔之无服也，盖推而远之也；姑姊妹之薄也，盖有受我而厚之者也。食于有丧者之侧，未尝饱也。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
A superior man is ashamed to prepare (beforehand) all that he may require in discharging his mourning rites. What can be made in one or two days, he does not prepare (beforehand). The mourning worn for the son of a brother should be the same as for one's own son: the object being to bring him still nearer to one's self. An elder brother's wife and his younger brother do not wear mourning for each other: the object being to maintain the distance between them. Slight mourning is worn for an aunt, and an elder or younger sister, (when they have been married); the reason being that there are those who received them from us, and will render to them the full measure of observance. When (the Master) was eating by the side of one who had mourning rites in hand, he never ate to the full. |
| | 檀弓上: |
曾子与客立于门侧，其徒趋而出。曾子曰：“尔将何之？”曰：“吾父死，将出哭于巷。”曰：“反，哭于尔次。”曾子北面而吊焉。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
Zeng-zi was standing with (another) visitor by the side of the door (of their house of entertainment), when a companion (of the other) came hurrying out. 'Where are you going?' said Zeng-zi; and the man replied, 'My father is dead, and I am going to wail for him in the lane.' 'Return to your apartment,' was the reply, 'and wail for him there.' (The man did so), and Zeng-zi made him a visit of condolence, standing with his face to the north. |
| | 檀弓上: |
孔子曰：“之死而致死之，不仁而不可为也；之死而致生之，不知而不可为也。是故，竹不成用，瓦不成味，木不成斫，琴瑟张而不平，竽笙备而不和，有钟磬而无簨虡，其曰明器，神明之也。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Confucius said, 'In dealing with the dead, if we treat them as if they were entirely dead, that would show a want of affection, and should not be done; or, if we treat them as if they were entirely alive, that would show a want of wisdom, and should not be done. On this account the vessels of bamboo (used in connexion with the burial of the dead) are not fit for actual use; those of earthenware cannot be used to wash in; those of wood are incapable of being carved; the lutes are strung, but not evenly; the pandean pipes are complete, but not in tune; the bells and musical stones are there, but they have no stands. They are called vessels to the eye of fancy; that is, (the dead) are thus treated as if they were spiritual intelligences.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
有子问于曾子曰：“问丧于夫子乎？”曰：“闻之矣：丧欲速贫，死欲速朽。”有子曰：“是非君子之言也。”曾子曰：“参也闻诸夫子也。”有子又曰：“是非君子之言也。”曾子曰：“参也与子游闻之。”有子曰：“然，然则夫子有为言之也。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
You-zi asked Zeng-zi if he had ever questioned the Master about (an officer's) losing his place. 'I heard from him,' was the reply, 'that the officer in such a case should wish to become poor quickly, (just as) we should wish to decay away quickly when we have died.' You-zi said, 'These are not the words of a superior man.' 'I heard them from the Master,' returned Zeng-zi. You-zi repeated that they were not the words of a superior man, and the other affirmed that both he and Zi-you had heard them. 'Yes, yes,' said You-zi, 'but the Master must have spoken them with a special reference.' |
| | |
曾子以斯言告于子游。子游曰：“甚哉，有子之言似夫子也。昔者夫子居于宋，见桓司马自为石椁，三年而不成。夫子曰：‘若是其靡也，死不如速朽之愈也。’死之欲速朽，为桓司马言之也。南宫敬叔反，必载宝而朝。夫子曰：‘若是其货也，丧不如速贫之愈也。’丧之欲速贫，为敬叔言之也。” |
| |
Zeng-zi reported You-zi's words to Zi-you, who said, 'How very like his words are to those of the Master! Formerly, when the Master was staying in Song, he saw that Huan, the minister of War, had been for three years having a stone coffin made for himself without its being finished, and said, "What extravagance! It would be better that when dead he should quickly decay away." It was with reference to Hwan, the minister of War, that he said, "We should wish to decay away quickly when we die." When Nan-gong Jing-shu returned (to the state), he made it a point to carry his treasures with him in his carriage when he went to court, on which the Master said, "Such an amount of property! It would have been better for him, when he lost his office, to make haste to become poor." It was with reference to Nan-gong Jing-shu that he said that we should work to become poor quickly, when we have lost office."' |
| | |
曾子以子游之言告于有子，有子曰：“然，吾固曰：非夫子之言也。”曾子曰：“子何以知之？”有子曰：“夫子制于中都，四寸之棺，五寸之椁，以斯知不欲速朽也。昔者夫子失鲁司寇，将之荆，盖先之以子夏，又申之以冉有，以斯知不欲速贫也。” |
| |
Zeng-zi reported these words of Zi-you to You-zi, who said, 'Yes, I did say that these were not the words of the Master.' When the other asked him how he knew it, he said, 'The Master made an ordinance in Zhong-Du that the inner coffin should be four inches thick, and the outer five. By this I knew that he did not wish that the dead should decay away quickly. And formerly, when he had lost the office of minister of Crime in Lu, and was about to go to Jing, he first sent Zi-xia there, and afterwards Ran You. By this, I knew that he did not wish to become poor quickly.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
陈庄子死，赴于鲁，鲁人欲勿哭，缪公召县子而问焉。县子曰：“古之大夫，束修之问不出竟，虽欲哭之，安得而哭之？今之大夫，交政于中国，虽欲勿哭，焉得而弗哭？且且臣闻之，哭有二道：有爱而哭之，有畏而哭之。”公曰：“然，然则如之何而可？”县子曰：“请哭诸异姓之庙。”于是与哭诸县氏。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When Zhuang-zi of Chen died, announcement of the event was sent to Lu. They did not want to wail for him there, but duke Mu called Xian-zi, and consulted him. He said, 'In old times, no messages from Great officers, not even such as were accompanied by a bundle of pieces of dried meat, went out beyond the boundaries of their states. Though it had been wished to wail for them, how could it have been done? Nowadays the Great officers share in the measures of government throughout the middle states. Though it may be wished not to wail for one, how can it be avoided? I have heard, moreover, that there are two grounds for the wailing; one from love, and one from fear.' The duke said, 'Very well; but how is the thing to be managed in this case?' Xian-zi said, 'I would ask you to wail for him in the temple of (a family of) a different surname;' and hereon the duke and he wailed for Zhuang-zi in (the temple of) the Xian family. |
| | 檀弓上: |
仲宪言于曾子曰：“夏后氏用明器，示民无知也；殷人用祭器，示民有知也；周人兼用之，示民疑也。”曾子曰：“其不然乎！其不然乎！夫明器，鬼器也；祭器，人器也；夫古之人，胡为而死其亲乎？” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Zhong Xian said to Zeng-zi, 'Under the sovereigns of the Xia dynasty, they used (at burials) the vessels which were such only to the eye of fancy, intimating to the people that (the dead) had no knowledge. Under the Yin they used the (ordinary) sacrificial vessels, intimating to the people that (the dead) had knowledge. Under the Zhou we use both, intimating to the people that the thing is doubtful.' Zeng-zi replied, 'It is not so! It is not so! What are vessels (only) to the eye of fancy are for the shades (of the departed); the vessels of sacrifice are those of men; how should those ancients have treated their parents as if they were dead?' |
| | 檀弓上: |
公叔木有同母异父之昆弟死，问于子游。子游曰：“其大功乎？”狄仪有同母异父之昆弟死，问于子夏，子夏曰：“我未之前闻也；鲁人则为之齐衰。”狄仪行齐衰。今之齐衰，狄仪之问也。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
An elder brother of Gong-shu Mu, by the same mother but a different father, having died, he asked Zi-you (whether he should go into mourning for him), and was answered, 'Perhaps you should do so for the period of nine months.' A brother, similarly related to Di Yi, having died, he consulted Zi-xia in the same way, and was answered, 'I have not heard anything about it before, but the people of Lu wear the one year's mourning in such a case.' Di Yi did so, and the present practice of wearing that mourning arose from his question'. |
| | 檀弓上: |
子思之母死于卫，柳若谓子思曰：“子，圣人之后也，四方于子乎观礼，子盖慎诸。”子思曰：“吾何慎哉？吾闻之：有其礼，无其财，君子弗行也；有其礼，有其财，无其时，君子弗行也。吾何慎哉！” |
| Tan Gong I: |
When Zi-si's mother died in Wei, Liu Ruo said to him, 'You, Sir, are the descendant of a sage. From all quarters they look to you for an example in ceremonies; let me advise you to be careful in the matter.' Zi-si said, 'Of what have I to be careful? I have heard that when there are certain ceremonies to be observed, and he has not the necessary means for them, a superior man does not observe them', and that neither does he do so, when there are the ceremonies, and he has the means, but the time is not suitable; of what have I to be careful?' |
| | 檀弓上: |
县子琐曰：“吾闻之：古者不降，上下各以其亲。滕伯文为孟虎齐衰，其叔父也；为孟皮齐衰，其叔父也。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Xian-zi Suo said, 'I have heard that the ancients made no diminution (in the degrees of mourning on any other ground); but mourned for every one above and below them according to his relationship. Thus Wen, the earl of Teng, wore the year's mourning for Meng-hu, who was his uncle, and the same for Meng Pi, whose uncle he was.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
后木曰：“丧，吾闻诸县子曰：夫丧，不可不深长思也，买棺外内易，我死则亦然。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Hou Mu said, 'I heard Xian-zi say about the rites of mourning, that (a son) should certainly think deeply and long about them all, and that (for instance) in buying the coffin he should see that, inside and outside, it be (equally) well completed. When I die, let it be so also with me.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
曾子曰：“尸未设饰，故帷堂，小敛而彻帷。”仲梁子曰：“夫妇方乱，故帷堂，小敛而彻帷。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Zeng-zi said, 'Until the corpse has its ornaments put on it, they curtain off the hall; and after the slighter dressing the curtain is removed.' Gong-liang-zi said, 'Husband and wife are at first all in confusion, and therefore the hall is curtained off. After the slighter dressing, the curtain is removed.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
小敛之奠，子游曰：“于东方。”曾子曰：“于西方，敛斯席矣。”小敛之奠在西方，鲁礼之末失也。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
With regard to the offerings to the dead at the time of the slighter dressing, Zi-you said that they should be placed on the east (of the corpse). Zeng-zi said, 'They should be placed on the west, on the mat there at the time of the dressing.' The placing the offerings on the west at the time of the slighter dressing was an error of the later times of Lu. |
| | 檀弓上: |
县子曰：“綌衰繐裳，非古也。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Xuan-zi said, 'To have the mourning robe of coarse dolichos cloth, and the lower garment of fine linen with a wide texture, was not (the way of) antiquity.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
子蒲卒，哭者呼灭。子皋曰：“若是野哉。”哭者改之。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When Zi-pu died, the wailers called out his name Mie. Zi-gao said, 'So rude and uncultivated are they!' On this they changed their style. |
| | 檀弓上: |
杜桥之母之丧，宫中无相，以为沽也。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
At the mourning rites for the mother of Du Qiao no one was employed in the house to assist (the son in the ceremonies), which was accounted a careless omission. |
| | 檀弓上: |
夫子曰：“始死，羔裘玄冠者，易之而已。”羔裘玄冠，夫子不以吊。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
The Master said, 'As soon as a death occurs, (the members of the family) should change their lambskin furs and dark-coloured caps, though they may do nothing more.' The Master did not pay a visit of condolence in these articles of dress. |
| | 檀弓上: |
子游问丧具，夫子曰：“称家之有亡。”子游曰：“有亡恶乎齐？”夫子曰：“有，毋过礼；茍亡矣，敛首足形，还葬，县棺而封，人岂有非之者哉！” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Zi-you asked about the articles to be provided for the mourning rites, and the Master said, 'They should be according to the means of the family.' Zi-you urged, 'How can a family that has means and one that has not have things done in the same way?' The master replied, 'Where there are means, let there be no exceeding the prescribed rites. If there be a want of means, let the body be lightly covered from head to foot, and forthwith buried, the coffin being simply let down by means of ropes. Who in such a case will blame the procedure?' |
| | 檀弓上: |
司士贲告于子游曰：“请袭于床。”子游曰：“诺。”县子闻之曰：“汰哉叔氏！专以礼许人。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Ben, superintendent of officers' registries, informed Zi-you of his wish to dress his dead on the couch. 'You may,' said Zi-you. When Xian-zi heard of this, he said, 'How arrogant is the old gentleman! He takes it on himself to allow men in what is the proper rule.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
宋襄公葬其夫人，醯醢百瓮。曾子曰：“既曰明器矣，而又实之。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
At the burial of his wife, duke Xiang of Song placed (in the grave) a hundred jars of vinegar and pickles. Zeng-zi said, 'They are called "vessels only to the eye of fancy," and yet he filled them!' |
| | 檀弓上: |
孟献子之丧，司徒旅归四布。夫子曰：“可也。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
After the mourning rites for Meng Xian-zi, the chief minister of his family made his subordinates return their money-offerings to all the donors. The Master said that such a thing was allowable. |
| | 檀弓上: |
读賵，曾子曰：“非古也，是再告也。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
About the reading of the list of the material contributions (towards the service of a funeral), Zeng-zi said, 'It is not an ancient practice; it is a second announcement (to the departed)!' |
| | 檀弓上: |
成子高寝疾，庆遗入，请曰：“子之病帮矣，如至乎大病，则如之何？”子高曰：“吾闻之也：生有益于人，死不害于人。吾纵生无益于人，吾可以死害于人乎哉？我死，则择不食之地而葬我焉。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
When Cheng-zi Gao was lying ill, Qing went in to see him, and asked his (parting) commands, saying, 'Your disease, Sir, is severe. If it should go on to be the great illness, what are we to do?' Zi-gao said, 'I have heard that in life we should be of use to others, and in death should do them no harm. Although I may have been of no use to others during my life, shall I do them any harm by my death? When I am dead, choose a piece of barren ground, and bury me there.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
子夏问诸夫子曰：“居君之母与妻之丧。”“居处、言语、饮食衎尔。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Zi-xia asked the Master (how one should deport himself) during the mourning for the ruler's mother or wife, (and the reply was), 'In sitting and stopping with others, in his conversation, and when eating and drinking, he should appear to be at ease. |
| | 檀弓上: |
宾客至，无所馆。夫子曰：“生于我乎馆，死于我乎殡。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
When a stranger-visitor arrived, and had nowhere to lodge, the Master would say, 'While he is alive, let him lodge with me. Should he die, I will see to his coffining.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
国子高曰：“葬也者，藏也；藏也者，欲人之弗得见也。是故，衣足以饰身，棺周于衣，椁周于棺，土周于椁；反壤树之哉。” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Guo-zi gao said, 'Burying means hiding away; and that hiding (of the body) is from a wish that men should not see it. Hence there are the clothes sufficient for an elegant covering; the coffin all round about the clothes; the shell all round about the coffin; and the earth all round about the shell. And shall we farther raise a mound over the grave and plant it with trees?' |
| | 檀弓上: |
孔子之丧，有自燕来观者，舍于子夏氏。子夏曰：“圣人之葬人与？人之葬圣人也，子何观焉？昔者夫子言之曰：‘吾见封之若堂者矣，见若坊者矣，见若覆夏屋者矣，见若斧者矣。’从若斧者焉。马鬣封之谓也。今一日而三斩板，而已封，尚行夫子之志乎哉！” |
| Tan Gong I: |
At the mourning for Confucius, there came a man from Yan to see (what was done), and lodged at Zi-xia's. Zi-xia said to him, 'If it had been for the sage's conducting a burial, (there would have been something worthy to see); but what is there to see in our burying of the sage? Formerly the Master made some remarks to me, saying, "I have seen some mounds made like a raised hall; others like a dyke on a river's bank; others like the roof of a large house; and others in the shape of an axe-head." We have followed the axe-shape, making what is called the horse-mane mound. In one day we thrice shifted the frame-boards, and completed the mound. I hope we have carried out the wish of the Master.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
妇人不葛带。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
Women (in mourning) do not (change) the girdle made of dolichos fibre. |
| | 檀弓上: |
有荐新，如朔奠。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When new offerings (of grain or fruits) are presented (beside the body in the coffin), they should be (abundant), like the offerings on the first day of the moon. |
| | 檀弓上: |
既葬，各以其服除。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When the interment has taken place, everyone should make a change in his mourning dress. |
| | 檀弓上: |
池视重溜。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
The gutters of the tent-like frame over the coffin should be like the double gutters of a house. |
| | 檀弓上: |
君即位而为椑，岁一漆之，藏焉。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When a ruler succeeds to his state, he makes his coffin, and thereafter varnishes it once a year, keeping it deposited away. |
| | 檀弓上: |
复、楔齿、缀足、饭、设饰、帷堂并作。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
Calling the departed back; plugging the teeth open; keeping the feet straight; filling the mouth; dressing the corpse; and curtaining the hall: these things are set about together. |
| | 檀弓上: |
父兄命赴者。君复于小寝、大寝，小祖、大祖，库门、四郊。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
The uncles and elder cousins give their charges to those who are to communicate the death (to friends). The (soul of a deceased) ruler is called back in his smaller chambers, and the large chamber; in the smaller ancestral temples and in the great one: and at the gate leading to the court of the external audience, and in the suburbs all round. |
| | 檀弓上: |
丧不剥，奠也与？祭肉也与？ |
| Tan Gong I: |
Why do they leave the offerings of the mourning rites uncovered? May they do so with the flesh of sacrifice? |
| | 檀弓上: |
既殡，旬而布材与明器。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When the coffining has taken place, in ten days after, provision should be made for the materials (for the shell), and for the vessels to the eye of fancy. |
| | 檀弓上: |
朝奠日出，夕奠逮日。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
The morning offerings should be set forth (beside the body) at sunrise; the evening when the sun is about to set. |
| | 檀弓上: |
父母之丧，哭无时，使必知其反也。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
In mourning for a parent, there is no restriction to (set) times for wailing. If one be sent on a mission, he must announce his return (to the spirits of his departed). |
| | 檀弓上: |
练，练衣黄里、縓缘，葛要绖，绳屦无絇，角瑱，鹿裘衡长袪，袪裼之可也。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
After the twelfth month of mourning, the (inner) garment should be of white silk, with a yellow lining, and having the collar and the edges of the cuffs of a light purple. The waist-band should be of dolichos cloth; the shoes of hempen string, without the usual ornaments at the points; and the ear-plugs of horn. The lining of the deer's-fur (for winter) should be made broader and with longer cuffs, and a robe of thin silk may be worn over it. |
| | 檀弓上: |
有殡，闻远兄弟之丧，虽缌必往；非兄弟，虽邻不往。所识其兄弟不同居者皆吊。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When (a parent's) corpse has been coffined, if the son hear of mourning going on for a cousin at a distance, he must go (to condole), though the relationship would only require the three months' mourning. If the mourning be for a neighbour, who is not a relative, he does not go. At (the mourning) for an acquaintance, he must pay visits of condolence to all his brethren, though they might not have lived with him. |
| | 檀弓上: |
天子之棺四重；水兕革棺被之，其厚三寸，杝棺一，梓棺二，四者皆周。棺束缩二衡三，衽每束一。伯椁以端长六尺。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
The coffin of the son of Heaven is fourfold. The hides of a water-buffalo and a rhinoceros, overlapping each other, (form the first), three inches in thickness. Then there is a coffin of yi wood, and there are two of the Rottlera. The four are all complete enclosures. The bands for the (composite) coffin are (five); two straight, and three cross; with a double wedge under each band (where it is on the edge). The shell is of cypress wood, in pieces six cubits long, from the trunk near the root. |
| | 檀弓上: |
天子之哭诸侯也，爵弁绖缁衣；或曰：使有司哭之，为之不以乐食。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When the son of Heaven is wailing for a feudal prince, he wears the bird's-(head) cap, a headband of sackcloth, and black robes. Some one says, 'He employs an officer to wail for him.' While so engaged, he has no music at his meals. |
| | 檀弓上: |
天子之殡也，菆涂龙輴以椁，加斧于椁上，毕涂屋，天子之礼也。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When the son of Heaven is put into his coffin it is surrounded with boards plastered over, and (rests on the hearse), on whose shafts are painted dragons, so as to form a (kind of) shell. Then over the coffin is placed a pall with the axe-heads figured on it. This being done, it forms a plastered house. Such is the rule for (the coffining of) the son of Heaven. |
| | 檀弓上: |
唯天子之丧，有别姓而哭。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
It is only at the mourning rites for the son of Heaven that the feudal princes are arranged for the wailing according to their different surnames. |
| | 檀弓上: |
鲁哀公诔孔丘曰：“天不遗耆老，莫相予位焉，呜呼哀哉！尼父！” |
| Tan Gong I: |
Duke Ai of Lu eulogised Kong Qiu in the words, 'Heaven has not left the old man, and there is no one to assist me in my place. Oh! Alas! Ni-fu!' |
| | 檀弓上: |
国亡大县邑，公、卿、大夫、士皆厌冠，哭于大庙，三日，君不举。或曰：君举而哭于后土。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When a state had lost a large tract of territory with its cities, the highest and other ministers, and the Great and other officers, all wailed in the grand ancestral temple, in mourning caps, for three days; and the ruler (for the same time) had no full meal with music. Some one says, 'The ruler has his full meals and music, but wails at the altar to the spirit of the land.' |
| | 檀弓上: |
孔子恶野哭者。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
Confucius disliked those who wailed in the open fields. |
| | 檀弓上: |
未仕者，不敢税人；如税人，则以父兄之命。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
(A son) who has not been in office should not presume to give away anything belonging to the family. If he should have to do so, he ought to have the order of his father or elder brother for the act. |
| | 檀弓上: |
士备入而后朝夕踊。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
When the (ordinary) officers are all entered, then (the chief mourner and all the others) fall to their leaping, morning and evening. |
| | 檀弓上: |
祥而缟，是月禫，徙月乐。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
After the service on the conclusion of the twenty-fourth month of mourning, the plain white cap is assumed. In that month the service on leaving off mourning is performed, and after another month (the mourners) may take to their music. |
| | 檀弓上: |
君于士有赐帟。 |
| Tan Gong I: |
The ruler may confer on any officer the small curtain (as a pall for his father's coffin). |
| | 檀弓下: |
君之适长殇，车三乘；公之庶长殇，车一乘；大夫之适长殇，车一乘。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
(At the funeral of) a ruler's eldest son by his acknowledged wife, who has died under age, there are three (small) carriages (with the flesh of sacrifice to be put in the grave). At that of an eldest son by one of his concubines, dying under age, there is one such carriage; as at the funeral of the eldest rightful son of a Great officer in the same circumstances. |
| | 檀弓下: |
公之丧，诸达官之长，杖。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
At the mourning rites for a feudal lord, his chief officers who had received their appointments. directly from him, carried their staffs. |
| | 檀弓下: |
君于大夫，将葬，吊于宫；及出，命引之，三步则止。如是者三，君退；朝亦如之，哀次亦如之。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
When a Great officer of a state was about to be buried, its ruler (went to) condole with (his son) in the hall where the coffin was. When it was being taken out, he ordered some one to draw the (bier-carriage) for him. This moved on for three paces and stopped; in all for three times; afterwhich the ruler retired. The same proceeding was gone through, when the bier entered the ancestral temple, and also at the place of (special) grief. |
| | 檀弓下: |
五十无车者，不越疆而吊人。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
Men of fifty, who had no carriage, did not make visits of condolence beyond the boundaries (of their states). |
| | 檀弓下: |
季武子寝疾，蟜固不说齐衰而入见，曰：“斯道也，将亡矣；士唯公门说齐衰。”武子曰：“不亦善乎，君子表微。”及其丧也，曾点倚其门而歌。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
When Ji Wu-zi was lying ill in his chamber, Jiao Gu entered and appeared before him without taking off the mourning with its even edges (which he happened to wear). 'This practice,' said he, 'has nearly fallen into disuse. But it is only at the gate of the ruler that an officer should take off such mourning as I have on.' Wu-zi replied, 'Is it not good that you should act thus? A superior man illustrates the smallest points (of propriety).' At the mourning rites for Wu-zi, Zeng Dian leant against his gate and sang. |
| | 檀弓下: |
大夫吊，当事而至，则辞焉。吊于人，是日不乐。妇人不越疆而吊人。行吊之日不饮酒食肉焉。吊于葬者必执引，若从柩及圹，皆执绋。丧，公吊之，必有拜者，虽朋友州里舍人可也。吊曰：“寡君承事。”主人曰：“临。”君遇柩于路，必使人吊之。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
If a Great officer pay a visit of condolence (to an ordinary officer), and he arrive when (the latter) is occupied with the business of the occasion, an apology is made (for not coming to the gate to receive him). When one has paid a visit of condolence, he should not on the same day show manifestations of joy. A wife should not go beyond the boundaries of the state on a visit of condolence. On the day when he has made a visit of condolence, one should not drink spirits nor eat flesh. When one pays a visit of condolence, and the arrangements for the funeral are going on, he should take hold of the ropes (attached to the car). Those who follow to the grave should take hold of those attached to the coffin. During the mourning rites, if the ruler send a message of condolence, there must be some one to acknowledge it, by bowing to the messenger. A friend, or neighbour, or even a temporary resident in the house, may perform the duty. The message is announced in the words: 'Our unworthy ruler wishes to take part in your (sad) business.' The chief mourner responds: 'We acknowledge your presence with his message.' When a ruler meets a bier on the way, he must send some one to present his condolences (to the chief mourner). |
| | 檀弓下: |
大夫之丧，庶子不受吊。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
At the mourning rites for a Great officer, a son by an inferior wife should not receive the condolences. |
| | 檀弓下: |
妻之昆弟为父后者死，哭之适室，子为主，袒免哭踊，夫入门右，使人立于门外告来者，狎则入哭；父在，哭于妻之室；非为父后者。哭诸异室。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
On the death of his wife's brother who was the successor of their father, (the husband) should wail for him in (the court of) the principal chamber. He should appoint his (own) son to preside (on the occasion). With breast unbared and wearing the cincture instead of the cap, he wails and leaps. When he enters on the right side of the gate, he should make some one stand outside it, to inform comers of the occasion of the wailing; and those who were intimate (with the deceased) will enter and wail. If his own father be in the house, the wailing should take place (before) his wife's chamber. If (the deceased) were not the successor of his father, the wailing should take place before a different chamber. |
| | 檀弓下: |
有殡，闻远兄弟之丧，哭于侧室；无侧室，哭于门内之右；同国，则往哭之。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
If a man have the coffin of a parent in his hall, and hear of mourning going on for a cousin of the same surname at a distance, he wails for him in a side apartment. If there be no such apartment, he should wail in the court on the right of the gate. If the deceased's body be in the same state, he should go to the place, and wail for him there. |
| | 檀弓下: |
子张死，曾子有母之丧；齐衰而往哭之。或曰：“齐衰不以吊。”曾子曰：“我吊也与哉？” |
| Tan Gong II: |
When Zi-zhang died, Zeng-zi was in mourning for his mother, and went in his mourning dress to wail for him. Some one said, 'That dress of sackcloth with its even edges is not proper for a visit of condolence.' Zeng-zi replied, 'Am I condoling (with the living)?' |
| | 檀弓下: |
有若之丧，悼公吊焉，子游摈，由左。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
At the mourning rites for You Ruo, duke Dao came to condole. Zi-you received him, and introduced him by (the steps on) the left. |
| | 檀弓下: |
齐谷王姬之丧，鲁庄公为之大功。或曰：“由鲁嫁，故为之服姊妹之服。”或曰：“外祖母也，故为之服。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
When the news was sent from Qi of the mourning for the king's daughter who had been married to the marquis, duke Zhuang of Lu wore the nine months' mourning for her. Some have said, 'She was married from Lu; therefore he wore the same mourning for her as for a sister of his own.' Others have said, 'She was his mother's mother, and therefore he wore it.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
晋献公之丧，秦穆公使人吊公子重耳，且曰：“寡人闻之：亡国恒于斯，得国恒于斯。虽吾子俨然在忧服之中，丧亦不可久也，时亦不可失也。孺子其图之。”以告舅犯，舅犯曰：“孺子其辞焉；丧人无宝，仁亲以为宝。父死之谓何？又因以为利，而天下其孰能说之？孺子其辞焉。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
At the mourning rites for duke Xian of Jin, duke Mu of Qin sent a messenger to present his condolences to Xian's son Chong-er (who was then an exile), and to add this message: 'I have heard that a time like this is specially adapted to the losing of a state, or the gaining of a state. Though you, my son, are quiet here, in sorrow and in mourning, your exile should not be allowed to continue long, and the opportunity should not be lost. Think of it and take your measures, my young son.' Chong-er reported the words to his maternal uncle Fan, who said,' My son, decline the proffer. An exile as you are, nothing precious remains to you; but a loving regard for your father is to be considered precious. How shall the death of a father be told? And if you take advantage of it to seek your own profit, who under heaven will be able to give a good account of your conduct? Decline the proffer, my son. |
| | |
公子重耳对客曰：“君惠吊亡臣重耳，身丧父死，不得与于哭泣之哀，以为君忧。父死之谓何？或敢有他志，以辱君义。”稽颡而不拜，哭而起，起而不私。 |
| |
On this the prince replied to his visitor: 'The ruler has kindly (sent you) to condole with his exiled servant. My person in banishment, and my father dead, so that I cannot take any share in the sad services of wailing and weeping for him; this has awakened the sympathy of the ruler. But how shall the death of a father be described? Shall I presume (on occasion of it) to think of any other thing, and prove myself unworthy of your ruler's righteous regard?' With this he laid his head to the ground, but did not bow (to the visitor); wailed and then arose, and after he had risen did not enter into any private conversation with him. |
| | |
子显以致命于穆公。穆公曰：“仁夫公子重耳！夫稽颡而不拜，则未为后也，故不成拜；哭而起，则爱父也；起而不私，则远利也。” |
| |
Zi-xian reported the execution of his commission to duke Mu, who said, 'Truly virtuous is this prince Chong-er. In laying his forehead on the ground and not bowing (to the messenger), he acknowledged that he was not his father's successor, and therefore he did not complete the giving of thanks. In wailing before he rose, he showed how he loved his father. In having no private conversation after he arose, he showed how he put from him the thought of gain.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
帷殡，非古也，自敬姜之哭穆伯始也。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
The keeping the curtain up before the coffin with the corpse in it was not a custom of antiquity. It originated with the wailing of Jing Jiang for Mu-bo. |
| | 檀弓下: |
丧礼，哀戚之至也。节哀，顺变也；君子念始之者也。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
The rites of mourning are the extreme expression of grief and sorrow. The graduated reduction of that expression in accordance with the natural changes (of time and feeling) was made by the superior men, mindful of those to whom we owe our being. |
| | 檀弓下: |
复，尽爱之道也，有祷祠之心焉；望反诸幽，求诸鬼神之道也；北面，求诸幽之义也。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
Calling (the soul) back is the way in which love receives its consummation, and has in it the mind which is expressed by prayer. The looking for it to return from the dark region is a way of seeking for it among the spiritual beings. The turning the face to the north springs from the idea of its being in the dark region. |
| | 檀弓下: |
拜稽颡，哀戚之至隐也；稽颡，隐之甚也。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
Bowing to the (condoling) visitor, and laying the forehead on the ground are the most painful demonstrations of grief and sorrow. The laying the forehead in the ground is the greatest expression of the pain (from the bereavement). |
| | 檀弓下: |
饭用米贝，弗忍虚也；不以食道，用美焉尔。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
Filling the mouth with rice uncooked and fine shells arises from a feeling which cannot bear that it should be empty. The idea is not that of giving food; and therefore these fine things are used. |
| | 檀弓下: |
铭，明旌也，以死者为不可别已，故以其旗识之。爱之，斯录之矣；敬之，斯尽其道焉耳。重，主道也，殷主缀重焉；周主重彻焉。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
The inscription forms a banner to the eye of fancy. Because (the person of) the deceased, can no longer be distinguished, therefore (the son) by this flag maintains the remembrance of him. From his love for him he makes this record. His reverence for him finds in this its utmost expression. The first tablet for the spirit (with this inscription on it) serves the same purpose as that (subsequently) placed in the temple, at the conclusion of the mourning rites. Under the Yin dynasty the former was still kept. Under the Zhou, it was removed. |
| | 檀弓下: |
奠以素器，以生者有哀素之心也；唯祭祀之礼，主人自尽焉尔；岂知神之所飨，亦以主人有齐敬之心也。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
The offerings to the unburied dead are placed in plain unornamented vessels, because the hearts of the living are full of unaffected sorrow. It is only in the sacrifices (subsequent to the interment), that the principal mourner does his utmost (in the way of ornament). Does he know that the spirit will enjoy (his offerings)? He is guided only by his pure and reverent heart. |
| | 檀弓下: |
辟踊，哀之至也，有算，为之节文也。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
Beating the breast (by the women), and leaping (by the men) are extreme expressions of grief. But the number of such acts is limited. There are graduated rules for them. |
| | 檀弓下: |
袒、括发，变也；愠，哀之变也。去饰，去美也；袒、括发，去饰之甚也。有所袒、有所袭，哀之节也。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
Baring the shoulders and binding up the hair (with the band of sackcloth) are changes, (showing) the excited feeling which is a change in the grief. The removal of the (usual) ornaments and elegancies (of dress) has manifold expression, but this baring of the shoulders and the sackcloth band are the chief. But now the shoulders are quite bared, and anon they are covered (with a thin garment) - marking gradations in the grief. |
| | 檀弓下: |
弁绖葛而葬，与神交之道也，有敬心焉。周人弁而葬，殷人冔而葬。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
At the interment they used the cap of plain white (silk), and the headband of dolichos fibre; thinking these more suitable for their intercourse with (the departed) now in their spirit-state. The feeling of reverence had now arisen. The people of Zhou use the bian cap at interments; those of Yin used the xu. |
| | 檀弓下: |
歠主人、主妇室老，为其病也，君命食之也。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
The gruel of the chief mourner (the son), the presiding wife, and the steward of the family (of a Great officer) is taken by them at the order of the ruler lest they should get ill. |
| | 檀弓下: |
反哭升堂，反诸其所作也；主妇入于室，反诸其所养也。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
On returning (from the grave) to wail, (the son) should ascend the hall (of the ancestral temple) - returning to the place where (the deceased) performed his rites. The presiding wife should enter the chamber - returning to the place where he received his nourishment. |
| | 檀弓下: |
反哭之吊也，哀之至也。反而亡焉，失之矣，于是为甚。殷既封而吊，周反哭而吊。孔子曰：“殷已悫，吾从周。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
Condolences should be presented (to the son) when he returns (from the grave) and is wailing, at which time his grief is at its height. He has returned, and (his father) is not to be seen; he feels that he has lost him. (His grief is) then most intense. Under the Yin, they presented condolences immediately at the grave; under the Zhou, when the son had returned and was wailing. Confucius said, 'Yin was too blunt; I follow Zhou.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
葬于北方北首，三代之达礼也，之幽之故也。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
To bury on the north (of the city), and with the head (of the dead) turned to the north, was the common practice of the three dynasties - because (the dead) go to the dark region. |
| | 檀弓下: |
既封，主人赠，而祝宿虞尸。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
When the coffin has been let down into the grave, the chief mourner presents the (ruler's) gifts (to the dead in the grave), and the officer of prayer (returns beforehand) to give notice of the sacrifice of repose to him who is to personate the departed. |
| | 檀弓下: |
既反哭，主人与有司视虞牲，有司以几筵舍奠于墓左，反，日中而虞。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
When he has returned and wailed, the chief mourner with the (proper) officer inspects the victim. (In the meantime other) officers have set out a stool and mat with the necessary offerings on the left of the grave. They return, and at midday the sacrifice of repose is offered. |
| | 檀弓下: |
葬日虞，弗忍一日离也。是日也，以虞易奠。卒哭曰成事，是日也，以吉祭易丧祭，明日，祔于祖父。其变而之吉祭也，比至于祔，必于是日也接，不忍一日末有所归也。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
The sacrifice is offered on the day of interment; they cannot bear that the departed should be left a single day (without a place to rest in). On that day the offerings, (previously) set forth (by the coffin), are exchanged for the sacrifice of repose. The (continuous) wailing is ended, and they say, 'The business is finished.' On that day the sacrifices of mourning were exchanged for one of joy. The next day the service of placing the spirit-tablet of the departed next to that of his grandfather was performed. The change to an auspicious sacrifice took place on that day, and the placing the tablet in its place on the day succeeding - (the son) was unable to bear that (the spirit of the departed) should be a single day without a resting-place. |
| | 檀弓下: |
殷练而祔，周卒哭而祔。孔子善殷。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
Under the Yin, the tablet was put in its place on the change of the mourning at the end of twelve months; under the Zhou, when the (continuous) wailing was over. Confucius approved the practice of Yin. |
| | 檀弓下: |
君临臣丧，以巫祝桃茢执戈，恶之也；所以异于生也。丧有死之道焉。先王之所难言也。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
When a ruler went to the mourning rites for a minister, he took with him a sorcerer with a peach-wand, an officer of prayer with his reed-(brush), and a lance-bearer, disliking (the presence of death), and to make his appearance different from (what it was at any affair of) life. In the mourning rites it is death that is dealt with, and the ancient kings felt it difficult to speak of this. |
| | 檀弓下: |
丧之朝也，顺死者之孝心也，其哀离其室也，故至于祖考之庙而后行。殷朝而殡于祖，周朝而遂葬。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
The ceremony in the mourning rites of (the coffined corpse) appearing in the court (of the ancestral temple) is in accordance with the filial heart of the deceased. He is (supposed to be) grieved at leaving his chamber, and therefore he is brought to the temple of his fathers, and then (the coffin) goes on its way. Under the Yin, the body was thus presented and then coffined in the temple; under the Zhou the interment followed immediately after its presentation (in the coffin). |
| | 檀弓下: |
孔子谓：“为明器者，知丧道矣，备物而不可用也。”哀哉！死者而用生者之器也。不殆于用殉乎哉？“其曰明器，神明之也。”涂车、刍灵，自古有之，明器之道也。孔子谓“为刍灵者善”，谓“为俑者不仁”，不殆于用人乎哉？ |
| Tan Gong II: |
Confucius said, 'He who made the vessels which are so (only) in imagination, knew the principles underlying the mourning rites. They were complete (to all appearance), and yet could not be used. Alas! if for the dead they had used the vessels of the living, would there not have been a danger of this leading to the interment of the living with the dead?' They were called 'vessels in imagination,' (the dead) being thus treated as spiritual intelligences, From of old there were the carriages of clay and the figures of straw, in accordance with the idea in these vessels in imagination. Confucius said that the making of the straw figures was good, and that the making of the (wooden) automaton was not benevolent. Was there not a danger of its leading to the use of (living) men? |
| | 檀弓下: |
穆公问于子思曰：“为旧君反服，古与？”子思曰：“古之君子，进人以礼，退人以礼，故有旧君反服之礼也；今之君子，进人若将加诸膝，退人若将队诸渊，毋为戎首，不亦善乎！又何反服之礼之有？” |
| Tan Gong II: |
Duke Mu asked Zi-si whether it was the way of antiquity for a retired officer still to wear the mourning for his old ruler. 'Princes of old,' was the reply, 'advanced men and dismissed them equally according to the rules of propriety; and hence there was that rule about still wearing mourning for the old ruler. But nowadays princes advance men as if they were going to take them on their knees, and dismiss them as if they were going to push them into an abyss. Is it not good if (men so treated) do not head rebellion? How should there be the observance of that rule about still wearing mourning (for old rulers)?' |
| | 檀弓下: |
悼公之丧，季昭子问于孟敬子曰：“为君何食？”敬子曰：“食粥，天下之达礼也。吾三臣者之不能居公室也，四方莫不闻矣，勉而为瘠则吾能，毋乃使人疑夫不以情居瘠者乎哉？我则食食。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
At the mourning rites for duke Dao. Ji Zhao-zi asked Meng Jing-zi what they should eat (to show their grief) for the ruler. Jing-zi replied, 'To eat gruel is the general rule for all the kingdom.' (The other said), 'It is known throughout the four quarters that we three ministers have not been able to live in harmony with the ducal house. I could by an effort make myself emaciated; but would it not make men doubt whether I was doing so in sincerity? I will eat rice as usual.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
卫司徒敬子死，子夏吊焉，主人未小敛，绖而往。子游吊焉，主人既小敛，子游出，绖反哭，子夏曰：“闻之也与？”曰：“闻诸夫子，主人未改服，则不绖。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
When Si-tu Jing-zi of Wei died, Zi-xia made a visit of condolence (to his house); and, though the chief mourner had not completed the slight dressing (of the corpse), he went in the headband and robe of mourning. Zi-you paid a similar visit; and, when the chief mourner had completed the slight dressing, he went out, put on the bands, returned and wailed. Zi-xia said to him, 'Did you ever hear (that) that (was the proper method to observe)? I heard the Master say,' was the reply, 'that until the chief mourner had changed his dress, one should not assume the mourning bands'.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
曾子曰：“晏子可谓知礼也已，恭敬之有焉。”有若曰：“晏子一狐裘三十年，遣车一乘，及墓而反；国君七个，遣车七乘；大夫五个，遣车五乘，晏子焉知礼？”曾子曰：“国无道，君子耻盈礼焉。国奢，则示之以俭；国俭，则示之以礼。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
Zeng-zi said, 'Yan-zi may be said to have known well the rules of propriety;-he was humble and reverent! You Ruo said, 'Yan-zi wore the same (robe of) fox-fur for thirty years. (At the burial of his father), he had only one small carriage (with the offerings to be put into the grave); and he returned immediately from the grave (without showing the usual attentions to his guests). The ruler of a state has seven bundles of the offerings, and seven such small carriages for them; a Great officer has five bundles of the offerings, and five such small carriages. How can it be said that Yan-zi knew propriety?' Zeng-zi replied, 'When a state is not well governed, the superior man is ashamed to observe all ceremonies to the full. Where there is extravagance in the administration of the state, he shows an example of economy. If the administration be economical, he shows an example of (the strict) observance' of all rules.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
国昭子之母死，问于子张曰：“葬及墓，男子、妇人安位？”子张曰：“司徒敬子之丧，夫子相，男子西乡，妇人东乡。”曰：“噫！毋。”曰：“我丧也斯沾。尔专之，宾为宾焉，主为主焉，妇人从男子皆西乡。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
On the death of the mother of Guo Zhao-zi, he asked Zi-zhang, saying, 'At the interment, when (all) are at the grave, what should be the places of the men and of the women?' Zi-zhang said, 'At the mourning rites for Si-tu Jing-zi, when the Master directed the ceremonies, the men stood with their faces to the west and the women stood with theirs to the east.' 'Ah!' said the other, 'that will not do;' adding, 'All will be here to see these mourning rites of mine. Do you take the sole charge of them. Let the guests be the guests, while I (alone) act as the host. Let the women take their places behind the men, and all have their faces towards the west.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
穆伯之丧，敬姜昼哭；文伯之丧，昼夜哭。孔子曰：“知礼矣。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
At the mourning for Mu-bo (her husband), Jing Jiang wailed for him in the daytime, and at that for Wen-bo (her son), she wailed for him both in the daytime and the night. Confucius said, 'She knows the rules of propriety.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
文伯之丧，敬姜据其床而不哭，曰：“昔者吾有斯子也，吾以将为贤人也，吾未尝以就公室；今及其死也，朋友诸臣未有出涕者，而内人皆行哭失声。斯子也，必多旷于礼矣夫！” |
| Tan Gong II: |
At the mourning for Wen-bo, Jing Jiang (once) put her hand on the couch (where his body lay), and without wailing said, 'Formerly, when I had this son, I thought that he would be a man of worth. (But) I never went with him to the court (to see his conduct there); and now that he is dead, of all his friends, the other ministers, there is no one that has shed tears for him, while the members of his harem all wail till they lose their voices. This son must have committed many lapses in his observance of the rules of propriety!' |
| | 檀弓下: |
季康子之母死，陈亵衣。敬姜曰：“妇人不饰，不敢见舅姑，将有四方之宾来，亵衣何为陈于斯？”命彻之。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
When the mother of Ji Kang-zi died, (her body was laid out with) her private clothes displayed. Jing Jiang (Kang-zi's grand-uncle's wife) said, 'A wife does not dare to see her husband's parents without the ornament (of her upper robes); and there will be the guests from all quarters coming; why are her under-clothes displayed here?' With this she ordered them to be removed. |
| | 檀弓下: |
有子与子游立，见孺子慕者，有子谓子游曰：“予壹不知夫丧之踊也，予欲去之久矣。情在于斯，其是也夫？”子游曰：“礼：有微情者，有以故兴物者；有直情而径行者，戎狄之道也。礼道则不然，人喜则斯陶，陶斯咏，咏斯犹，犹斯舞，舞斯愠，愠斯戚，戚斯叹，叹斯辟，辟斯踊矣。品节斯，斯之谓礼。人死，斯恶之矣，无能也，斯倍之矣。是故制绞衾、设蒌翣，为使人勿恶也。始死，脯醢之奠；将行，遣而行之；既葬而食之，未有见其飨之者也。自上世以来，未之有舍也，为使人勿倍也。故子之所刺于礼者，亦非礼之訾也。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
You-zi and Zi-you were standing together when they saw (a mourner) giving all a child's demonstrations of affection. You-zi said, 'I have never understood this leaping in mourning, and have long wished to do away with it. The sincere feeling (of sorrow) which appears here is right, (and should be sufficient).' Zi-you replied, 'In the rules of propriety, there are some intended to lessen the (display of) feeling, and there are others which purposely introduce things (to excite it). To give direct vent to the feeling and act it out as by a short cut is the way of the rude Rong and Di. The method of the rules is not so. When a man rejoices, he looks pleased; when pleased, he thereon sings; when singing, he sways himself about; swaying himself about, he proceeds to dancing; from dancing, he gets into a state of wild excitement; that excitement goes on to distress; distress expresses itself in sighing; sighing is followed by beating the breast; and beating the breast by leaping. The observances to regulate all this are what are called the rules of propriety. When a man dies, there arises a feeling of disgust (at the corpse). Its impotency goes on to make us revolt from it. On this account, there is the wrapping it in the shroud, and there are the curtains, plumes (and other ornaments of the coffin), to preserve men from that feeling of disgust. Immediately after death, the dried flesh and pickled meats are set out (by the side of the corpse), When the interment is about to take place, there are the things sent and offered (at the grave); and after the interment, there is the food presented (in the sacrifices of repose). The dead have never been seen to partake of these things. But from the highest ages to the present they have never been neglected - all to cause men not to revolt (from their dead). Thus it is that what you blame in the rules of propriety is really nothing that is wrong in them.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
吴侵陈，斩祀杀厉，师还出竟，陈大宰嚭使于师。夫差谓行人仪曰：“是夫也多言，盍尝问焉；师必有名，人之称斯师也者，则谓之何？”大宰嚭曰：“古之侵伐者，不斩祀、不杀厉、不获二毛；今斯师也，杀厉与？其不谓之杀厉之师与？”曰：“反尔地，归尔子，则谓之何？”曰：“君王讨敝邑之罪，又矜而赦之，师与，有无名乎？” |
| Tan Gong II: |
Wu made an incursion into Chen, destroying the (places of) sacrifice, and putting to death those who were suffering from a pestilence (which prevailed). When the army retired, and had left the territory, Pi, the Grand-administrator of Chen, was sent to the army (of Wu). Fu Chai (king of Wu) said to his internuncius, 'This fellow has much to say. Let us ask him a question.' (Then, turning to the visitor), he said, 'A campaign must have a name. What name do men give to this expedition?' The Grand-administrator said, 'Anciently, armies in their incursions and attacks did not hew down (trees about the) places of sacrifice; did not slay sufferers from pestilence; did not make captives of those whose hair was turning. But now, have not you in this campaign slain the sufferers from pestilence? Do they not call it the sick-killing expedition?' The king rejoined, ' If we give back your territory, and return our captives, what will you call it?' The reply was, 'O ruler and king, you came and punished the offences of our poor state. If the result of the campaign be that you now compassionate and forgive it, will the campaign be without its (proper) name?' |
| | 檀弓下: |
颜丁善居丧：始死，皇皇焉如有求而弗得；及殡，望望焉如有从而弗及；既葬，慨焉如不及其反而息。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
Yan Ding deported himself skilfully during his mourning. Immediately after the death (of his father), he looked grave and restless, as if he were seeking for something, and could not find it. When the coffining had taken place, he looked expectant, as if he were following some one and could not get up with him. After the interment he looked sad, and as if, not getting his father to return (with him), he would wait for him. |
| | 檀弓下: |
子张问曰：“《》云：‘高宗三年不言，言乃欢。’有诸？”仲尼曰：“胡为其不然也？古者天子崩，王世子听于冢宰三年。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
Zi-zhang asked, saying, 'The Book of History says, that Gao Zong for three-years did not speak; and that when he did his words were received with joy. Was it so?' Zhong-ni replied, 'Why should it not have been so? Anciently, on the demise of the son of Heaven, the king, his heir, left everything to the chief minister for three years.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
知悼子卒，未葬；平公饮酒，师旷、李调侍，鼓钟。杜蒉自外来，闻钟声，曰：“安在？”曰：“在寝。”杜蒉入寝，历阶而升，酌，曰：“旷饮斯。”又酌，曰：“调饮斯。”又酌，堂上北面坐饮之。降，趋而出。平公呼而进之曰：“蒉，曩者尔心或开予，是以不与尔言；尔饮旷何也？”曰：“子卯不乐；知悼子在堂，斯其为子卯也大矣。旷也大师也，不以诏，是以饮之也。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
When Zhi Dao-zi died, before he was buried, duke Ping was (one day) drinking along with the music-master Kuang and Li Diao. The bells struck up; and when Du Kuai, who was coming in from outside, heard them, he said, 'Where is the music?' Being told that it was in the (principal) apartment, he entered it; and having ascended the steps one by one, he poured out a cup of spirits, and said, 'Kuang, drink this.' He then poured out another, and said, Diao, drink this.' He poured out a third cup; and kneeling in the hall, with his face to the north, he drank it himself, went down the steps, and hurried out. Duke Ping called him in again, and said, 'Kuai, just now I thought you had something in mind to enlighten me about, and therefore I did not speak to you. Why did you give the cup to Kuang?' 'On the days (Jia-)zi and (Ji-)mao,' was the reply, 'there should be no music; and now Zhi Dao-zi is (in his coffin) in his hall, and this should be a great zi or mao day. Kuang is the grand music-master, and did not remind you of this. It was on this account that I made him drink.' |
| | |
“尔饮调何也？”曰：“调也君之亵臣也，为一饮一食，忘君之疾，是以饮之也。” |
| |
'And why did you give a cup to Diao?' Du Kuai said, 'Diao is your lordship's favourite officer; and for this drinking and eating he forgot the fault you were committing. It was on this account I made him drink.' |
| | |
“尔饮何也？”曰：“蒉也宰夫也，非刀匕是共，又敢与知防，是以饮之也。” |
| |
'And why did you drink a cup yourself?' Kuai replied, 'I am (only) the cook; and neglecting my (proper work of) supplying you with knives and spoons, I also presumed to take my part in showing my knowledge of what should be prohibited. It was on this account that I drank a cup myself.' |
| | |
平公曰：“寡人亦有过焉，酌而饮寡人。”杜蒉洗而扬觯。公谓侍者曰：“如我死，则必无废斯爵也。”至于今，既毕献，斯扬觯，谓之杜举。 |
| |
Duke Ping said,' I also have been in fault. Pour out a cup and give it to me.' Du Kuai then rinsed the cup, and presented it. The duke said to the attendants, 'When I die, you must take care that this cup is not lost.' Down to the present day, (at feasts in Sin), when the cups have been presented all round, they then raise up this cup, and say, 'It is that which Du presented.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
公叔文子卒，其子戍请谥于君曰：“日月有时，将葬矣。请所以易其名者。”君曰：“昔者卫国凶饥，夫子为粥与国之饿者，是不亦惠乎？昔者卫国有难，夫子以其死卫寡人，不亦贞乎？夫子听卫国之政，修其班制，以与四邻交，卫国之社稷不辱，不亦文乎？故谓夫子‘贞惠文子’。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
When Gong-shu Wen-zi died, his son Shu begged the ruler (of the state) to fix his honorary title, saying, 'The sun and moon have brought the time - we are about to bury him. I beg that you will fix the title, for which we shall change his name.' The ruler said, 'Formerly when our state of Wei was suffering from a severe famine, your father had gruel made, and gave it to the famishing - was not this a roof of how kind he was? Moreover, in a time of trouble, he protected me at the risk of his own life - was not this a proof of how faithful he was? And while he administered the government of Wei, he so maintained the regulations for the different classes, and conducted its intercourse with the neighbouring states all round, that its altars sustained no disgrace - was not this a proof of how accomplished he was? Therefore let us call him "The Faithful, Kind, and Accomplished."' |
| | 檀弓下: |
石骀仲卒，无适子，有庶子六人，卜所以为后者。曰：“沐浴、佩玉则兆。”五人者皆沐浴、佩玉；石祁子曰：“孰有执亲之丧而沐浴、佩玉者乎？”不沐浴、佩玉。石祁子兆。卫人以龟为有知也。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
Shi Tai-gong died, leaving no son by his wife proper, and six sons by concubines. The tortoise-shell being consulted as to which of them should be the father's successor, it was said that by their bathing and wearing of their girdle-pendants the indication would be given. Five of them accordingly bathed and put on the girdle-pendants with their gems. Shi Qi-zi, however, said, 'Whoever, being engaged with the mourning rites for a parent, bathed his head or his body, and put on his girdle-pendants?' and he declined to do either, and this was considered to be the indication. The people of Wei considered that the tortoise-shell had shown a (true) knowledge. |
| | 檀弓下: |
陈子车死于卫，其妻与其家大夫谋以殉葬，定，而后陈子亢至，以告曰：“夫子疾，莫养于下，请以殉葬。”子亢曰：“以殉葬，非礼也；虽然，则彼疾当养者，孰若妻与宰？得已，则吾欲已；不得已，则吾欲以二子者之为之也。”于是弗果用。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
Chen Zi-ju having died in Wei, his wife and the principal officer of the family consulted together about burying some living persons (to follow him). When they had decided to do so, (his brother), Chen Zi-kang arrived, and they informed him about their plan, saying, 'When the master was ill, (he was far away) and there was no provision for his nourishment in the lower world; let us bury some persons alive (to supply it).' Zi-kang said, 'To bury living persons (for the sake of the dead) is contrary to what is proper. Nevertheless, in the event of his being ill, and requiring to be nourished, who are so fit for that purpose as his wife and steward? If the thing can be done without, I wish it to be so. If it cannot be done without, I wish you two to be the parties for it.' On this the proposal was not carried into effect. |
| | 檀弓下: |
子路曰：“伤哉贫也！生无以为养，死无以为礼也。”孔子曰：“啜菽饮水尽其欢，斯之谓孝；敛首足形，还葬而无椁，称其财，斯之谓礼。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
Zi-lu said, 'Alas for the poor! While (their parents) are alive, they have not the means to nourish them; and when they are dead, they have not the means to perform the mourning rites for them.' Confucius said, 'Bean soup, and water to drink, while the parents are made happy, may be pronounced filial piety. If (a son) can only wrap the body round from head to foot, and inter it immediately, without a shell, that being all which his means allow, he may be said to discharge (all) the rites of mourning.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
卫献公出奔，反于卫，及郊，将班邑于从者而后入。柳庄曰：“如皆守社稷，则孰执羁靮而从；如皆从，则孰守社稷？君反其国而有私也，毋乃不可乎？”弗果班。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
Duke Xian of Wei having (been obliged to) flee from the state, when he returned, and had reached the suburbs (of the capital), he was about to grant certain towns and lands to those who had attended him in his exile before entering. Liu Zhuang said, 'If all had (remained at home) to guard the altars for you, who would have been able to follow you with halter and bridle? And if all had followed you, who would have guarded the altars? Your lordship has now returned to the state, and will -it not be wrong for you to show a partial feeling?' The intended allotment did not take place. |
| | 檀弓下: |
卫有大史曰柳庄，寝疾。公曰：“若疾革，虽当祭必告。”公再拜稽首，请于尸曰：“有臣柳庄也者，非寡人之臣，社稷之臣也，闻之死，请往。”不释服而往，遂以襚之。与之邑裘氏与县潘氏，书而纳诸棺，曰：“世世万子孙，无变也。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
There was the grand historiographer of Wei, called Liu Zhuang, lying ill. The duke said, 'If the illness prove fatal, though I may be engaged at the time in sacrificing, you must let me know.' (It happened accordingly, and, on hearing the news), the duke bowed twice, laying his head to the ground, and begged permission from the personator of the dead, saying, 'There was the minister Liu Zhuang, not a minister of mine (merely), but a minister of the altars of the state. I have heard that he is dead, and beg leave to go (to his house).' On this, without putting off his robes, he went; and on the occasion presented them as his contribution (to the mourning rites). He also gave the deceased the towns of Qiu-shi and Xian-fan-shi by a writing of assignment which was put into the coffin, containing the words: 'For the myriads of his descendants, to hold from generation to generation without change.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
陈乾昔寝疾，属其兄弟，而命其子尊已曰：“如我死，则必大为我棺，使吾二婢子夹我。”陈乾昔死，其子曰：“以殉葬，非礼也，况又同棺乎？”弗果杀。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
When Chan Gan-xi was lying ill, he assembled his brethren, and charged his son Zun-ji, saying, 'When I am dead, you must make my coffin large, and make my two concubines lie in it with me, one on each side.' When he died, his son said, 'To bury the living with the dead is contrary to propriety; how much more must it be so to bury them in the same coffin!' Accordingly he did not put the two ladies to death. |
| | 檀弓下: |
仲遂卒于垂；壬午犹绎，万入去龠。仲尼曰：“非礼也，卿卒不绎。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
Gong Sui died in Chui; and on the next day, which was Ren-Wu, the sacrifice of the previous day was notwithstanding repeated (in the capital of Lu.). When the pantomimes entered, however, they put away their flutes. Zhong-ni said, 'It was contrary to rule. When a high minister dies, the sacrifice of the day before should not be repeated.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
季康子之母死，公输若方小，敛，般请以机封，将从之，公肩假曰：“不可！夫鲁有初，公室视丰碑，三家视桓楹。般，尔以人之母尝巧，则岂不得以？其母以尝巧者乎？则病者乎？噫！”弗果从。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
When the mother of Ji Kang-zi died, Gong-shu Ruo was still young. After the dressing, Ban asked leave to let the coffin down into the grave by a mechanical contrivance. They were about to accede, when Gong-jian Jia said, 'No. According to the early practice in Lu, the ducal house used (for this purpose) the arrangement looking like large stone pillars, and the three families that like large wooden columns. Ban, you would, in the case of another man's mother, make trial of your ingenuity - could you not in the case of your own mother do so? Would that distress you? Bah!' They did not allow him to carry out his plan. |
| | 檀弓下: |
战于郎，公叔禺人遇负杖入保者息，曰：“使之虽病也，任之虽重也，君子不能为谋也，士弗能死也，不可！我则既言矣。”与其邻童汪踦往，皆死焉。鲁人欲勿殇童汪踦，问于仲尼。仲尼曰：“能执干戈以卫社稷，虽欲勿殇也，不亦可乎！” |
| Tan Gong II: |
During the fight at Lang, Gong-shu Yu-ren saw (many of) the men, carrying their clubs on their shoulders, entering behind the shelter of the small wall, and said, 'Although the services required of them are distressing, and the burdens laid on them heavy, (they ought to fight): but though our superiors do not form (good) plans, it is not right that soldiers should not be prepared to die. This is what I say.' On this along with Wang, a youth, (the son) of a neighbour, he went forward, and both of them met their death. The people of Lu wished to bury the lad Wang not as one who had died prematurely, and asked Zhong-ni about the point. He said, 'As he was able to bear his shield and spear in the defence of our altars, may you not do as you wish, and bury him as one who has not died prematurely?' |
| | 檀弓下: |
子路去鲁，谓颜渊曰：“何以赠我？”曰：“吾闻之也：去国，则哭于墓而后行；反其国，不哭，展墓而入。”谓子路曰：“何以处我？”子路曰：“吾闻之也：过墓则式，过祀则下。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
When Zi-lu was going away from Lu, he said to Yan Yuan, 'What have you to send me away with?' 'I have heard,' was the reply, 'that, when one is leaving his state, he wails at the graves (of his fathers), and then takes his journey, while on his return to it, he does not wail, but goes to look at the graves, and (then) enters (the city).' He then said to Zi-lu, 'And what have you to leave with me here?' 'I have heard,' was the reply, 'that, when you pass by a grave, you should bow forward to the cross-bar, and, when you pass a place of sacrifice, you should dismount.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
工尹商阳与陈弃疾追吴师，及之。陈弃疾谓工尹商阳曰：“王事也，子手弓而可。”手弓。“子射诸。”射之，毙一人，韔弓。又及，谓之，又毙二人。每毙一人，掩其目。止其御曰：“朝不坐，燕不与，杀三人，亦足以反命矣。”孔子曰：“杀人之中，又有礼焉。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
Shang Yang, director of Works (in Chu), and Chen Qi-ji were pursuing the army of Wu, and came up with it. The latter said to Shang Yang, 'It is the king's' business. It will be well for you to take your bow in hand.' He did so, and Qi-ji told him to shoot, which he did, killing a man, and returning immediately the bow to its case. They came up with the enemy again, and being told as before to shoot, he killed other two men; whenever he killed a man, he covered his eyes. Then stopping the chariot, he said, 'I have no place at the audiences; nor do I take part in the feasts. The death of three men will be sufficient for me to report.' Confucius said, 'Amidst his killing of men, he was still observant of the rules of propriety.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
诸侯伐秦，曹桓公卒于会。诸侯请含，使之袭。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
The princes were engaged in an invasion of Qin, when duke Huan of Cao died at their meeting. The others asked leave to (see) the plugging of his teeth with the jade, and they were made to enshroud (his corpse). |
| | 檀弓下: |
襄公朝于荆，康王卒。荆人曰：“必请袭。”鲁人曰：“非礼也。”荆人强之。巫先拂柩。荆人悔之。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
Duke Xiang being in attendance at the court of Jing, king Kang died. The people of Jing said to him, 'We must beg you to cover (the corpse with your gift of a robe).' The men of Lu (who were with him) said, 'The thing is contrary to propriety.' They of Jing, however, obliged him to do what they asked; and he first employed a sorcerer with his reed-brush to brush (and purify) the bier. The people of Jing then regretted what they had done'. |
| | 檀弓下: |
滕成公之丧，使子叔敬叔吊，进书，子服惠伯为介。及郊，为懿伯之忌，不入。惠伯曰：“政也，不可以叔父之私，不将公事。”遂入。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
At the mourning rites for duke Cheng of Teng, Zi-shu Jing-shu was sent (from Lu) on a mission of condolence, and to present a letter (from duke Ai), Zi-fu Hui-bo being assistant-commissioner. When they arrived at the suburbs (of the capital of Teng), because it was the anniversary of the death, of Yi-bo, (Hui-bo's uncle), Jing-shu hesitated to enter the city. Hui-bo, however, said, 'We are on government business, and should not for the private affair of my uncle's (death) neglect the duke's affairs.' They forthwith entered. |
| | 檀弓下: |
哀公使人吊蒉尚，遇诸道。辟于路，画宫而受吊焉。曾子曰：“蒉尚不如杞梁之妻之知礼也。齐庄公袭莒于夺，杞梁死焉，其妻迎其柩于路而哭之哀，庄公使人吊之，对曰：‘君之臣不免于罪，则将肆诸市朝，而妻妾执；君之臣免于罪，则有先人之敝庐在。君无所辱命。’” |
| Tan Gong II: |
Duke Ai sent a message of condolence to Kuai Shang, and the messenger met him (on the way to the grave). They withdrew to the way-side, where Kuai drew the figure of his house, (with the coffin in it), and there received the condolences. Zeng-zi said, Kuai Shang's knowledge of the rules of ceremony was not equal to that of the wife of Qi Liang. When duke Zhuang fell on Ju by surprise at Thui, Qi Liang met his death. His wife met his bier on the way, and wailed for him bitterly. Duke Zhuang sent a person to convey his condolences to her; but she said, 'If his lordship's officer had been guilty of any offence, then his body should have been exposed in the court or the market-place, and his wife and concubines apprehended. If he were not chargeable with any offence, there is the poor cottage of his father. This is not the place where the ruler should demean himself to send me a message.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
孺子𪏆之丧，哀公欲设拨，问于有若，有若曰：“其可也，君之三臣犹设之。”颜柳曰：“天子龙輴而椁帱，诸侯輴而设帱，为榆沈故设拨；三臣者废輴而设拨，窃礼之不中者也，而君何学焉！” |
| Tan Gong II: |
At the mourning rites for his young son Dun, duke Ai wished to employ the (elm-juice) sprinklers, and asked You Ruo about the matter. You Ruo said that it might be done, for his three ministers even used them. Yan Liu said, 'For the son of Heaven dragons are painted on (the shafts of) the funeral carriage, and the boards surrounding the coffin, like the shell, have a covering over them. For the feudal princes there is a similar carriage (without the painted dragons), and the covering above. (In both cases) they prepare the elm-juice, and therefore employ sprinklers. The three ministers, not employing (such a carriage), and yet employing the sprinklers, thus appropriate a ceremony which is not suitable for them; and why should your lordship imitate them?' |
| | 檀弓下: |
悼公之母死，哀公为之齐衰。有若曰：“为妾齐衰，礼与？”公曰：“吾得已乎哉？鲁人以妻我。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
After the death of the mother of (his son, who became) duke Dao, duke Ai wore for her the one year's mourning with its unfrayed edges. You Ruo asked him, if it was in rules for him to wear that mourning for a concubine. 'Can I help it?' replied the duke. 'The people of Lu will have it that she, was my wife.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
季子皋葬其妻，犯人之禾，申祥以告曰：“请庚之。”子皋曰：“孟氏不以是罪予，朋友不以是弃予，以吾为邑长于斯也。买道而葬，后难继也。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
When Ji Zi-gao buried his wife, some injury was done to the standing corn, which Shen-xiang told him of, begging him to make the damage good. Zi-gao said, 'The Meng has not blamed me for this, and my friends have not cast me off. I am here the commandant of the city. To buy (in this manner a right of) way in order to bury (my dead) would be a precedent difficult to follow.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
仕而未有禄者：君有馈焉曰献，使焉曰寡君；违而君薨，弗为服也。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
When one receives no salary for the official duties which he performs, and what the ruler sends to him is called 'an offering,' while the messenger charged with it uses the style of our unworthy ruler;' if such an one leave the state, and afterwards the ruler dies, he does not wear mourning for him. |
| | 檀弓下: |
虞而立尸，有几筵。卒哭而讳，生事毕而鬼事始已。既卒哭，宰夫执木铎以命于宫曰：“舍故而讳新。”自寝门至于库门。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
At the sacrifice of Repose a personator of the dead is appointed, and a stool, with a mat and viands on it, is placed (for him). When the wailing is over, the name of the deceased is avoided. The service of him as living is over, and that for him in his ghostly state has begun. When the wailing is over, the cook, with a bell having a wooden clapper, issues an order throughout the palace, saying, 'Give up disusing the names of the former rulers, and henceforth disuse (only) the name of him who is newly deceased.' This was done from the door leading to the chambers to the outer gate. |
| | 檀弓下: |
二名不偏讳，夫子之母名徵在；言在不称徵，言徵不称在。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
When a name was composed of two characters they were not avoided when used singly. The name of the Master's mother was Zheng-zai. When he used Zai, he did not at the same time use Zheng; nor Zai, when he used Zheng. |
| | 檀弓下: |
军有忧，则素服哭于库门之外，赴车不载橐韔。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
When any sad disaster occurred to an army, (the ruler) in plain white robes wailed for it outside the Ku gate. A carriage conveying the news of such disaster carried no cover for buff-coats nor case for bows. |
| | 檀弓下: |
有焚其先人之室，则三日哭。故曰：“新宫火，亦三日哭。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
When the (shrine-)apartment of his father was burned, (the ruler) wailed for it three days. Hence it is said, 'The new temple took fire;' and also, 'There was a wailing for three days.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
孔子过泰山侧，有妇人哭于墓者而哀，夫子式而听之。使子贡问之曰：“子之哭也，壹似重有忧者。”而曰：“然，昔者吾舅死于虎，吾夫又死焉，今吾子又死焉。”夫子曰：“何为不去也？”曰：“无苛政。”夫子曰：“小子识之，苛政猛于虎也。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
In passing by the side of mount Tai, Confucius came on a woman who was wailing bitterly by a grave. The Master bowed forward to the cross-bar, and hastened to her; and then sent Zi-lu to question her. 'Your wailing,' said he, 'is altogether like that of one who has suffered sorrow upon sorrow.' She replied, ' It is so. Formerly, my husband's father was killed here by a tiger. My husband was also killed (by another), and now my son has died in the same way.' The Master said, 'Why do you not leave the place?' The answer was, 'There is no oppressive government here.' The Master then said (to the disciples), 'Remember this, my little children. Oppressive government is more terrible than tigers.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
鲁人有周丰也者，哀公执挚请见之，而曰不可。公曰：“我其已夫！”使人问焉，曰：“有虞氏未施信于民而民信之，夏后氏未施敬于民而民敬之，何施而得斯于民也？”对曰：“墟墓之间，未施哀于民而民哀；社稷宗庙之中，未施敬于民而民敬。殷人作誓而民始畔，周人作会而民始疑。茍无礼义忠信诚悫之心以莅之，虽固结之，民其不解乎？” |
| Tan Gong II: |
In Lu there was one Zhou Feng, to whom duke Ai went, carrying an introductory present, and requesting an interview, which, however, the other refused. The duke said, 'I must give it up then.' And he sent a messenger with the following questions: '(Shun), the lord of Yu, had not shown his good faith, to the people, and yet they put confidence in him. The sovereign of Xia had not shown his reverence for the people, and yet the people revered him - what shall I exhibit that I may obtain such things from the people?' The reply was: 'Ruins and graves express no mournfulness to the people, and yet the people mourn (amidst them). The altars of the spirits of the land and grain and the ancestral temples express no reverence to the people, and yet the people revere them. The kings of Yin made their solemn proclamations, and yet the people began to rebel; those of Zhou made their covenants, and the people began to distrust them. If there be not the heart observant of righteousness, self-consecration, good faith, sincerity, and guilelessness, though a ruler may try to knit the people firmly to him, will not all bonds between them be dissolved?' |
| | 檀弓下: |
丧不虑居，毁不危身。丧不虑居，为无庙也；毁不危身，为无后也。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
While mourning (for a father), one should not be concerned about (the discomfort of) his own resting-place, nor, in emaciating himself, should he do so to the endangering of his life. He should not be concerned about his own resting-place; he has to be concerned that (his father's spirit-tablet) is not (yet) in the temple. He should not endanger his life, lest (his father) should thereby have no posterity. |
| | 檀弓下: |
延陵季子适齐，于其反也，其长子死，葬于嬴博之间。孔子曰：“延陵季子，吴之习于礼者也。”往而观其葬焉。其坎深不至于泉，其敛以时服。既葬而封，广轮掩坎，其高可隐也。既封，左袒，右还其封且号者三，曰：“骨肉归复于土，命也。若魂气则无不之也，无不之也。”而遂行。孔子曰：“延陵季子之于礼也，其合矣乎！” |
| Tan Gong II: |
Ji-zi of Yan-ling had gone to Qi; and his eldest son having died, on the way back (to Wu), he buried him between Ying and Bo. Confucius (afterwards) said, 'Ji-zi was the one man in Wu most versed in the rules of propriety, so I went and saw his manner of interment. The grave was not so deep as to reach the water-springs. The grave-clothes were such as (the deceased) had ordinarily worn. After the interment, he raised a mound over the grave of dimensions sufficient to cover it, and high enough for the hand to be easily placed on it. When the mound was completed, he bared his left arm; and, moving to the right, he went round it thrice, crying out, "That the bones and flesh should return again to the earth is what is appointed. But the soul in its energy can go everywhere; it can go everywhere." And with this he went on his way.' Confucius (also) said, 'Was not Ji-zi of Yan-ling's observance of the rules of ceremony in accordance with (the idea of them)?' |
| | 檀弓下: |
邾娄考公之丧，徐君使容居来吊含，曰：“寡君使容居坐含进侯玉，其使容居以含。”有司曰：“诸侯之来辱敝邑者，易则易，于则于，易于杂者未之有也。”容居对曰：“容居闻之：事君不敢忘其君，亦不敢遗其祖。昔我先君驹王西讨济于河，无所不用斯言也。容居，鲁人也，不敢忘其祖。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
At the mourning rites for the duke Kao of Zhu-lou, the ruler of Xu sent Rong Ju with a message of condolence, and with the articles to fill the mouth of the deceased. 'My unworthy ruler,' said he, 'hath sent me to kneel and put the jade for a marquis which he has presented into your (deceased) ruler's mouth. Please allow me to kneel and do so.' The officers of Ju replied, 'When any of the princes has deigned to send or come to our poor city, the observances have been kept according to their nature, whether simple and easy, or troublesome and more difficult; but such a blending of the easy and troublesome as in your case, we have not known.' Rong Ju replied, 'I have heard that in the service of his ruler one should not forget that ruler, nor be oblivious of his ancestral (rules). Formerly, our ruler, king Ju, in his warlike operations towards the west, in which he crossed the He, everywhere used this style of speech. I am a plain, blunt man, and do not presume to forget his example.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
子思之母死于卫，赴于子思，子思哭于庙。门人至曰：“庶氏之母死，何为哭于孔氏之庙乎？”子思曰：“吾过矣，吾过矣。”遂哭于他室。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
When the mother of Zi-si died in Wei, and news of the event was brought to him, he wailed in the ancestral temple. His disciples came to him. and said, 'Your mother is dead, after marrying into another family; why do you wail for her in the temple of the Kong family?' He replied, 'I am wrong, I am wrong.' And thereon he wailed in one of the smaller apartments of his house. |
| | 檀弓下: |
天子崩，三日祝先服，五日官长服，七日国中男女服，三月天下服。虞人致百祀之木，可以为棺椁者斩之；不至者，废其祀，刎其人。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
When the son of Heaven died, three days afterwards, the officers of prayer were the first to assume mourning. In five days the heads of official departments did so; in seven days both males and females throughout the royal domain; and in three months all in the kingdom. The foresters examined the trees about the various altars, and cut down those which they thought suitable for the coffins and shell, If these did not come up to what was required, the sacrifices were abolished, and the men had their throats cut. |
| | 檀弓下: |
齐大饥，黔敖为食于路，以待饿者而食之。有饿者蒙袂辑屦，贸贸然来。黔敖左奉食，右执饮，曰：“嗟！来食。”扬其目而视之，曰：“予唯不食嗟来之食，以至于斯也。”从而谢焉；终不食而死。曾子闻之曰：“微与？其嗟也可去，其谢也可食。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
During a great dearth in Qi, Qian Ao had food prepared on the roads, to wait the approach of hungry people and give to them. (One day), there came a famished man, looking as if he could hardly see, his face covered with his sleeve, and dragging his feet together. Qian Ao, carrying with his left hand some rice, and holding some drink with the other, said to him, 'Poor man! come and eat.' The man, opening his eyes with a stare, and looking at him, said, 'It was because I would not eat "Poor man come here's" food, that I am come to this state.' Qian Ao immediately apologised for his words, but the man after all would not take the food and died. When Zeng-zi heard the circumstances, he said, 'Was it not a small matter? When the other expressed his pity as he did, the man might have gone away. When he apologised, the man might have taken the food.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
邾娄定公之时，有弑其父者。有司以告，公瞿然失席曰：“是寡人之罪也。”曰：“寡人尝学断斯狱矣：臣弑君，凡在官者杀无赦；子弑父，凡在宫者杀无赦。杀其人，坏其室，洿其宫而猪焉。盖君逾月而后举爵。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
In the time of duke Ding of Zhu-lou, there occurred the case of a man killing his father. The officers reported it; when the duke, with an appearance of dismay, left his mat and said, 'This is the crime of unworthy me!' He added, 'I have learned how to decide on such a charge. When a minister kills his ruler, all who are in office with him should kill him without mercy. When a son kills his father, all who are in the house with him should kill him without mercy. The man should be killed; his house should be destroyed; the whole place should be laid under water and reduced to a swamp. And his ruler should let a month elapse before he raises a cup to his lips.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
晋献文子成室，晋大夫发焉。张老曰：“美哉轮焉！美哉奂焉！拌于斯，哭于斯，聚国族于斯。”文子曰：“武也得歌于斯，哭于斯，聚国族于斯，是全要领以从先大夫于九京也。”北面再拜稽首。君子谓之善颂善祷。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
(The ruler of) Jin having congratulated Wen-zi on the completion of his residence, the Great officers of the state went to the house-warming. Zhang Lao said, 'How elegant it is, and lofty! How elegant and splendid! Here will you have your songs! Here will you have your wailings! Here will you assemble the representatives of the great families of the state!' Wen-zi replied, 'If I can have my songs here, and my wailings, and assemble here the representatives of the great families of the state, (it will be enough). I will then (only) seek to preserve my waist and neck to follow the former Great officers of my family to the Nine Plains.' He then bowed twice, laying his head also on the ground. A superior man will say (of the two), that the one was skilful in the expression of his praise and the other in his prayer. |
| | 檀弓下: |
仲尼之畜狗死，使子贡埋之，曰：“吾闻之也：敝帷不弃，为埋马也；敝盖不弃，为埋狗也。丘也贫，无盖；于其封也，亦予之席，毋使其首陷焉。”路马死，埋之以帷。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
The dog kept by Zhong-ni having died, he employed Zi-gong to bury it, saying, 'I have heard that a worn-out curtain should not be thrown away, but may be used to bury a horse in; and that a worn-out umbrella should not be thrown away, but may be used to bury a dog in. I am poor and have no umbrella. In putting the dog into the grave, you can use my mat; and do not let its head get buried in the earth. When one of the horses of the ruler's carriage dies, it is buried in a curtain (in good condition).' |
| | 檀弓下: |
季孙之母死，哀公吊焉，曾子与子贡吊焉，阍人为君在，弗内也。曾子与子贡入于其厩而修容焉。子贡先入，阍人曰：“乡者已告矣。”曾子后入，阍人辟之。涉内溜，卿大夫皆辟位，公降一等而揖之。君子言之曰：“尽饰之道，斯其行者远矣。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
When the mother of Ji-sun died, duke Ai paid a visit of condolence to him. (Soon after), Zeng-zi and Zi-gong arrived for the same purpose; but the porter declined to admit them, because the ruler was present. On this they went into the stable, and adjusted their dress more fully. (Shortly) they entered the house, Zi-gong going first. The porter said to him, 'I have already announced your arrival;' and when Zeng-zi followed, he moved on one side for him. They passed on to the inner place for the droppings from the roof, the Great officers all moving out of their way, and the duke descending a step and bowing to them. A superior man has said about the case, 'So it is when the toilet is complete! Immediately its influence extends far.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
阳门之介夫死，司城子罕入而哭之哀。晋人之觇宋者，反报于晋侯曰：“阳门之介夫死，而子罕哭之哀，而民说，殆不可伐也。”孔子闻之曰：“善哉觇国乎！《》云：‘凡民有丧，扶服救之。’虽微晋而已，天下其孰能当之。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
A man-at-arms at the Yang gate (of the capital of Song) having died, Zi-han, the superintendent of Works, went to (his house), and wailed for him bitterly. The men of Jin who were in Song as spies returned, and reported the thing to the marquis of Jin, saying, 'A man-at-arms at the Yang gate having died, Zi-han wailed for him bitterly, and the people were pleased; (Song), we apprehend, cannot be attacked (with success).' When Confucius heard of the circumstances, he said, 'Skilfully did those men do their duty as spies in Song. It is said in the Book of Poetry, "If there was any mourning among the people, I did my utmost to help them." Though there had been other enemies besides Jin, what state under the sky could have withstood one (in the condition of Song)?' |
| | 檀弓下: |
鲁庄公之丧，既葬，而绖不入库门。士、大夫既卒哭，麻不入。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
At the mourning rites for duke Zhuang of Lu, when the interment was over, (the new ruler) did not enter the outer gate with his girdle of dolichos cloth. The ordinary and Great officers, when they had finished their wailing, also did not enter in their sackcloth. |
| | 檀弓下: |
孔子之故人曰原壤，其母死，夫子助之沐椁。原壤登木曰：“久矣予之不托于音也。”歌曰：“狸首之斑然，执女手之卷然。”夫子为弗闻也者而过之，从者曰：“子未可以已乎？”夫子曰：“丘闻之：亲者毋失其为亲也，故者毋失其为故也。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
There was an old acquaintance of Confucius, called Yuan Zang. When his mother died, the Master assisted him in preparing the shell for the coffin. Yuan (then) got up on the wood, and said, 'It is long since I sang to anything;' and (with this he struck the wood), singing: 'It is marked like a wild cat's head; It is(smooth) as a young lady's hand which you hold.' The Master, however, made as if he did not hear, and passed by him. The disciples who were with him said, 'Can you not have done with him?' 'I have heard,' was the reply, 'that relations should not forget their relationship, nor old acquaintances their friendship,' |
| | 檀弓下: |
赵文子与叔誉观乎九原。文子曰：“死者如可作也，吾谁与归？”叔誉曰：“其阳处父乎？”文子曰：“行并植于晋国，不没其身，其知不足称也。”“其舅犯乎？”文子曰：“见利不顾其君，其仁不足称也。我则随武子乎，利其君不忘其身，谋其身不遗其友。”晋人谓文子知人。文子其中退然如不胜衣，其言呐呐然如不出诸其口；所举于晋国管库之士七十有馀家，生不交利，死不属其子焉。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
Zhao Wen-zi and Shu-Yu were looking about them at the Nine Plains, when Wen-zi said, 'If these dead could arise, with whom would I associate myself?' Shu-Yu asked, 'Would it be with Yang Chu-fu?' 'He managed by his course,' was the reply, 'to concentrate in himself all the power of Jin, and yet he did not die a natural death. His wisdom does not deserve to be commended.' 'Would it be with uncle Fan?' Wen-zi said, 'When he saw gain in prospect, he did not think of his ruler; his virtue does not deserve to be commended. I think I would follow Wu-zi of Sui. While seeking the advantage of his ruler, he did not forget himself; and while consulting for his own advantage, he was not forgetful of his friends.' The people of Jin thought that Wen-zi knew men. He carried himself in a retiring way, as if he could not bear even his clothes. His speech was low and stuttering, as if he could not get his words out. The officers whom he advanced to responsible charges in the depositories of Jin were more than seventy. During his life, he had no contentions with any of them about gain, and when dying he required nothing from them for his sons. |
| | 檀弓下: |
叔仲皮学子柳。叔仲皮死，其妻鲁人也，衣衰而缪绖。叔仲衍以告，请繐衰而环绖，曰：“昔者吾丧姑姊妹亦如斯，末吾禁也。”退，使其妻繐衰而环绖。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
Shu-zhong Pi instructed (his son) Zi-liu (in the rules of ceremony); and when he died, Zi-liu's wife, who was a plain, blunt woman, wore for him the one year's mourning and the headband with its two ends tied together. (Pi's brother), Shu-zhong Yan spoke to Zi-liu about it, and requested that she should wear the three months' mourning and the simple headband; saying, 'Formerly, when I was mourning for my aunts and sisters, I wore this mourning, and no one forbade it.' When he withdrew, however, (Zi-liu) made his wife wear the three months' mourning and the simple headband. |
| | 檀弓下: |
成人有其兄死而不为衰者，闻子皋将为成宰，遂为衰。成人曰：“蚕则绩而蟹有匡，范则冠而蝉有緌，兄则死而子皋为之衰。” |
| Tan Gong II: |
There was a man of Cheng, who did not go into mourning on the death of his elder brother. Hearing, however, that Zi-gao was about to become governor of the city, he forthwith did so. The people of Cheng said, 'The silkworm spins its cocoons, but the crab supplies the box for them; the bee has its cap, but the cicada supplies the strings for it. His elder brother died, but it was Zi-gao who made the mourning for him.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
乐正子春之母死，五日而不食。曰：“吾悔之，自吾母而不得吾情，吾恶乎用吾情！” |
| Tan Gong II: |
When Yue-zheng Zi-chun's mother died, he was five days without eating. He then said, 'I am sorry for it. Since in the case of my mother's death, I could not eat according to my feelings, on what occasion shall I be able to do so?' |
| | 檀弓下: |
岁旱，穆公召县子而问然，曰：“天久不雨，吾欲暴尪而奚若？”曰：“天久不雨，而暴人之疾子，虐，毋乃不可与！”“然则吾欲暴巫而奚若？”曰：“天则不雨，而望之愚妇人，于以求之，毋乃已疏乎！”“徙市则奚若？”曰：“天子崩，巷市七日；诸侯薨，巷市三日。为之徙市，不亦可乎！” |
| Tan Gong II: |
In a year of drought duke Mu called to him Xian-zi, and asked him about it. 'Heaven,' said he, 'has not sent down rain for a long time. I wish to expose a deformed person in the sun (to move its pity), what do you say to my doing so?' 'Heaven, indeed,' was the reply, 'does not send down rain; but would it not be an improper act of cruelty, on that account to expose the diseased son of some one in the sun?' 'Well then,' (said the duke), 'I wish to expose in the sun a witch; what do you say to that?' Xian-zi said, 'Heaven, indeed, does not send down rain; but would it not be wide of the mark to hope anything from (the suffering of) a foolish woman, and by means of that to seek for rain?' 'What do you say then to my moving the marketplace elsewhere?' The answer was, 'When the son of Heaven dies, the market is held in the lanes for seven days; and it is held in them for three days, when the ruler of a state dies. It will perhaps be a proper measure to move it there on account of the present distress.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
孔子曰：“卫人之祔也，离之；鲁人之祔也，合之，善夫！” |
| Tan Gong II: |
Confucius said, 'The people of Wei, in burying husband and wife together (in the same grave and shell), leave a space between the coffins. The people of Lu, in doing the same, place them together - which is the better way. |
