| | 学记: |
发虑宪，求善良，足以謏闻，不足以动众；就贤体远，足以动众，未足以化民。君子如欲化民成俗，其必由学乎！ |
| Xue Ji: |
When a ruler is concerned that his measures should be in accordance with law, and seeks for the (assistance of the) good and upright, this is sufficient to secure him a considerable reputation, but not to move the multitudes. When he cultivates the society of the worthy, and tries to embody the views of those who are remote (from the court), this is sufficient to move the multitudes, but not to transform the people. If he wish to transform the people and to perfect their manners and customs, must he not start from the lessons of the school? |
| | 学记: |
玉不琢，不成器；人不学，不知道。是故古之王者建国君民，教学为先。《兑命》曰：“念终始典于学。”其此之谓乎！ |
| Xue Ji: |
The jade uncut will not form a vessel for use; and if men do not learn, they do not know the way (in which they should go). On this account the ancient kings, when establishing states and governing the people, made instruction and schools a primary object; as it is said in the Charge to Yue, 'The thoughts from first to last should be fixed on learning.' |
| | 学记: |
虽有嘉肴，弗食，不知其旨也；虽有至道，弗学，不知其善也。故学然后知不足，教然后知困。知不足，然后能自反也；知困，然后能自强也，故曰：教学相长也。《兑命》曰：“学学半。”其此之谓乎！ |
| Xue Ji: |
However fine the viands be, if one do not eat, he does not know their taste; however perfect the course may be, if one do not learn it, be does not know its goodness. Therefore when he learns, one knows his own deficiencies; when he teaches, he knows the difficulties of learning. After he knows his deficiencies, one is able to turn round and examine himself; after he knows the difficulties, he is able to stimulate himself to effort. Hence it is said, 'Teaching and learning help each other;' as it is said in the Charge to Yueh, 'Teaching is the half of learning.' |
| | 学记: |
古之教者，家有塾，党有庠，术有序，国有学。比年入学，中年考校。一年视离经辨志，三年视敬业乐群，五年视博习亲师，七年视论学取友，谓之小成；九年知类通达，强立而不反，谓之大成。夫然后足以化民易俗，近者说服，而远者怀之，此大学之道也。《记》曰：“蛾子时术之。”其此之谓乎！ |
| Xue Ji: |
According to the system of ancient teaching, for the families of (a hamlet) there was the village school; for a neighbourhood there was the xiang; for the larger districts there was the xu; and in the capitals there was the college. Every year some entered the college, and every second year there was a comparative examination. In the first year it was seen whether they could read the texts intelligently, and what was the meaning of each; in the third year, whether they were reverently attentive to their work, and what companionship was most pleasant to them; in the fifth year, how they extended their studies and sought the company of their teachers; in the seventh year, how they could discuss the subjects of their studies and select their friends. They were now said to have made some small attainments. In the ninth year, when they knew the different classes of subjects and had gained a general intelligence, were firmly established and would not fall back, they were said to have made grand attainments. After this the training was sufficient to transform the people, and to change (anything bad in) manners and customs. Those who lived near at hand submitted with delight, and those who were far off thought (of the teaching) with longing desire. Such was the method of the Great learning; as is said in the Record, 'The little ant continually exercises the art (of amassing).' |
| | 学记: |
大学始教，皮弁祭菜，示敬道也；《宵雅》肄三，官其始也；入学鼓箧，孙其业也；夏楚二物，收其威也；未卜禘不视学，游其志也；时观而弗语，存其心也；幼者听而弗问，学不躐等也。此七者，教之大伦也。《记》曰：“凡学官先事，士先志。”其此之谓乎！ |
| Xue Ji: |
At the commencement of the teaching in the Great college, (the masters) in their skin caps presented the offerings of vegetables (to the ancient sages), to show their pupils the principle of reverence for them; and made them sing (at the same time) the (first) three pieces of the Minor Odes of the Kingdom, as their first lesson in the duties of officers. When they entered the college, the drum was beaten and the satchels were produced, that they might begin their work reverently. The cane and the thorns were there to secure in them a proper awe. It was not till the time for the summer sacrifice was divined for, that the testing examination was held;--to give composure to their minds. They were continually under inspection, but not spoken to,--to keep their minds undisturbed. They listened, but they did not ask questions; and they could not transgress the order of study (imposed on them). These seven things were the chief regulations in the teaching. As it is expressed in the Record, 'In all learning, for him who would in be an officer the first thing is (the knowledge of) business; for scholars the first thing is the directing of the mind.' |
| | 学记: |
大学之教也时，教必有正业，退息必有居。学，不学操缦，不能安弦；不学博依，不能安《》；不学杂服，不能安礼；不兴其艺，不能乐学。故君子之于学也，藏焉，修焉，息焉，游焉。夫然，故安其学而亲其师，乐其友而信其道。是以虽离师辅而不反也。《兑命》曰：“敬孙务时敏，厥修乃来。”其此之谓乎！ |
| Xue Ji: |
In the system of teaching at the Great college, every season had its appropriate subject; and when the pupils withdrew, and gave up their lessons (for the day), they were required to continue their study at home. If a student do not learn (at college) to play in tune, he cannot quietly enjoy his lutes; if he do not learn extensively the figures of poetry, he cannot quietly enjoy the odes; if he do not learn the varieties of dress, he cannot quietly take part in the different ceremonies; if he do not acquire the various accomplishments, he cannot take delight in learning. Therefore a student of talents and virtue pursues his studies, withdrawn in college from all besides, and devoted to their cultivation, or occupied with them when retired from it, and enjoying himself. Having attained to this, he rests quietly in his studies and seeks the company of his teachers; he finds pleasure in his friends, and has all confidence in their course. Although he should be separated from his teachers and helpers, he will not act contrary to the course; as it is said in the Charge to Yueh, 'Maintain a reverent humility, and strive to be constantly earnest. In such a case the cultivation will surely come.' |
| | 学记: |
今之教者，呻其占毕，多其讯，言及于数，进而不顾其安，使人不由其诚，教人不尽其材；其施之也悖，其求之也佛。夫然，故隐其学而疾其师，苦其难而不知其益也，虽终其业，其去之必速。教之不刑，其此之由乎！ |
| Xue Ji: |
According to the system of teaching now-a-days, (the masters) hum over the tablets which they see before them, multiplying their questions. They speak of the learners' making rapid advances, and pay no regard to their reposing (in what they have acquired). In what they lay on their learners they are not sincere, nor do they put forth all their ability in teaching them. What they inculcate is contrary to what is right, and the learners are disappointed in what they seek for. In such a case, the latter are distressed by their studies and hate their masters; they are embittered by the difficulties, and do not find any advantage from their (labour). They may seem to finish their work, but they quickly give up its lessons. That no results are seen from their instructions:-is it not owing to these defects? |
| | 学记: |
大学之法，禁于未发之谓豫，当其可之谓时，不陵节而施之谓孙，相观而善之谓摩。此四者，教之所由兴也。发然后禁，则捍格而不胜；时过然后学，则勤苦而难成；杂施而不孙，则坏乱而不修；独学而无友，则孤陋而寡闻；燕朋逆其师；燕辟废其学。此六者，教之所由废也。 |
| Xue Ji: |
The rules aimed at in the Great college were the prevention of evil before it was manifested; the timeliness of instruction just when it was required; the suitability of the lessons in adaptation to circumstances; and the good influence of example to parties observing one another. It was from these four things that the teaching was so effectual and flourishing. Prohibition of evil after it has been manifested meets with opposition, and is not successful. Instruction given after the time for it is past is done with toil, and carried out with difficulty. The communication of lessons in an undiscriminating manner and without suitability produces injury and disorder, and fails in its object. Learning alone and without friends makes one feel solitary and uncultivated, with but little information. Friendships of festivity lead to opposition to one's master. Friendships with the dissolute lead to the neglect of one's learning. These six things all tend to make teaching vain. |
| | 学记: |
君子既知教之所由兴，又知教之所由废，然后可以为人师也。故君子之教喻也，道而弗牵，强而弗抑，开而弗达。道而弗牵则和，强而弗抑则易，开而弗达则思；和易以思，可谓善喻矣。 |
| Xue Ji: |
When a superior man knows the causes which make instruction successful, and those which make it of no effect, he can become a teacher of others. Thus in his teaching, he leads and does not drag; he strengthens and does not discourage; he opens the way but does not conduct to the end (without the learner's own efforts). Leading and not dragging produces harmony. Strengthening and not discouraging makes attainment easy. Opening the way and not conducting to the end makes (the learner) thoughtful. He who produces such harmony, easy attainment, and thoughtfulness may be pronounced a skilful teacher. |
| | 学记: |
学者有四失，教者必知之。人之学也，或失则多，或失则寡，或失则易，或失则止。此四者，心之莫同也。知其心，然后能救其失也。教也者，长善而救其失者也。善歌者，使人继其声；善教者，使人继其志。其言也约而达，微而臧，罕譬而喻，可谓继志矣。 |
| Xue Ji: |
Among learners there are four defects with which the teacher must make himself acquainted. Some err in the multitude of their studies; some, in their fewness; some, in the feeling of ease (with which they proceed); and some, in the readiness with which they stop. These four defects arise from the difference of their minds. When a teacher knows the character of his mind, he can save the learner from the defect to which he is liable. Teaching should be directed to develop that in which the pupil excels, and correct the defects to which he is prone. The good singer makes men (able) to continue his notes, and (so) the good teacher makes them able to carry out his ideas. His words are brief, but far-reaching; unpretentious, but deep; with few illustrations, but instructive. In this way he may be said to perpetuate his ideas. |
| | 学记: |
君子知至学之难易，而知其美恶，然后能博喻；能博喻然后能为师；能为师然后能为长；能为长然后能为君。故师也者，所以学为君也。是故择师不可不慎也。《记》曰：“三王四代唯其师。”此之谓乎！ |
| Xue Ji: |
When a man of talents and virtue knows the difficulty (on the one hand) and the facility (on the other) in the attainment of learning, and knows (also) the good and the bad qualities (of his pupils), he can vary his methods of teaching. When he can vary his methods of teaching, he can be a master indeed. When he can be a teacher indeed, he can be the Head (of an official department). When he can be such a Head, he can be the Ruler (of a state). Hence it is from the teacher indeed, that one learns to be a ruler, and the choice of a teacher demands the greatest care; as it is said in the Record, 'The three kings and the four dynasties were what they were by their teachers.' |
| | 学记: |
凡学之道，严师为难。师严然后道尊，道尊然后民知敬学。是故君之所不臣于其臣者二：当其为尸则弗臣也，当其为师则弗臣也。大学之礼，虽诏于天子，无北面；所以尊师也。 |
| Xue Ji: |
In pursuing the course of learning, the difficulty is in securing the proper reverence for the master. When that is done, the course (which he inculcates) is regarded with honour. When that is done, the people know how to respect learning. Thus it is that there are two among his subjects whom the ruler does not treat as subjects. When one is personating (his ancestor), he does not treat him as such, nor does he treat his master as such. According to the rules of the Great college, the master, though communicating anything to the son of Heaven, did not stand with his face to the north. This was the way in which honour was done to him. |
| | 学记: |
善学者，师逸而功倍，又从而庸之；不善学者，师勤而功半，又从而怨之。善问者，如攻坚木，先其易者，后其节目，及其久也，相说以解；不善问者反此。善待问者，如撞钟，叩之以小者则小鸣，叩之以大者则大鸣，待其从容，然后尽其声；不善答问者反此。此皆进学之道也。 |
| Xue Ji: |
The skilful learner, while the master seems indifferent, yet makes double the attainments of another, and in the sequel ascribes the merit (to the master). The unskilful learner, while the master is diligent with him, yet makes (only) half the attainments (of the former), and in the sequel is dissatisfied with the master. The skilful questioner is like a workman addressing himself to deal with a hard tree. First he attacks the easy parts, and then the knotty. After a long time, the pupil and master talk together, and the subject is explained. The unskilful questioner takes the opposite course. The master who skilfully waits to be questioned, may be compared to a bell when it is struck. Struck with a small hammer, it gives a small sound. Struck with a great one, it gives a great sound. But let it be struck leisurely and properly, and it gives out all the sound of which it is capable. He who is not skilful in replying to questions is the opposite of this. This all describes the method of making progress in learning. |
| | 学记: |
记问之学，不足以为人师。必也听语乎，力不能问，然后语之；语之而不知，虽舍之可也。 |
| Xue Ji: |
He who gives (only) the learning supplied by his memory in conversations is not fit to be a master. Is it not necessary that he should hear the questions (of his pupils)? Yes, but if they are not able to put questions, he should put subjects before them. If he do so, and then they do not show any knowledge of the subjects, he may let them alone. |
| | 学记: |
良冶之子，必学为裘；良弓之子，必学为箕；始驾者反之，车在马前。君子察于此三者，可以有志于学矣。 |
| Xue Ji: |
The son of a good founder is sure to learn how to make a fur-robe. The son of a good maker of bows is sure to learn how to make a sieve. Those who first yoke a (young) horse place it behind, with the carriage going on in front of it. The superior man who examines these cases can by them instruct himself in (the method of) learning. |
| | 学记: |
古之学者：比物丑类。鼓无当于五声，五声弗得不和。水无当于五色，五色弗得不章。学无当于五官。五官弗得不治。师无当于五服，五服弗得不亲。 |
| Xue Ji: |
The ancients in prosecuting their learning compared different' things and traced the analogies between them. The drum has no special relation to any of the musical notes; but without it they cannot be harmonised. Water has no particular relation to any of the five colours; but without it they cannot be displayed. Learning has no particular relation to any of the five senses; but without it they cannot be regulated. A teacher has no special relation to the five degrees of mourning; but without his help they cannot be worn as they ought to be. |
| | 学记: |
君子曰：大德不官，大道不器，大信不约，大时不齐。察于此四者，可以有志于学矣。三王之祭川也，皆先河而后海；或源也，或委也。此之谓务本。 |
| Xue Ji: |
A wise man has said, 'The Great virtue need not be confined to one office; Great power of method need not be restricted to the production of one article; Great truth need not be limited to the confirmation of oaths; Great seasonableness accomplishes all things, and each in its proper time.' By examining these four cases, we are taught to direct our aims to what is fundamental. |
