| | 曲礼上: |
《》曰：“”安民哉！ |
| Qu Li I: |
The Summary of the Rules of Propriety says: Always and in everything let there be reverence; with the deportment grave as when one is thinking (deeply), and with speech composed and definite. This will make the people tranquil. |
| | 曲礼上: |
敖不可长，欲不可从，志不可满，乐不可极。 |
| Qu Li I: |
Pride should not be allowed to grow; the desires should not be indulged; the will should not be gratified to the full; pleasure should not be carried to excess. |
| | 曲礼上: |
贤者狎而敬之，畏而爱之。爱而知其恶，憎而知其善。积而能散，安安而能迁。临财毋茍得，临难毋茍免。很毋求胜，分毋求多。疑事毋质，直而勿有。 |
| Qu Li I: |
Men of talents and virtue can be familiar with others and yet respect them; can stand in awe of others and yet love them. They love others and yet acknowledge the evil that is in them. They accumulate (wealth) and yet are able to part with it (to help the needy); they rest in what gives them satisfaction and yet can seek satisfaction elsewhere (when it is desirable to do so). When you find wealth within your reach, do not (try to) get it by improper means; when you meet with calamity, do not (try to) escape from it by improper means. Do not seek for victory in small contentions; do not seek for more than your proper share. Do not positively affirm what you have doubts about; and (when you have no doubts), do not let what you say appear (simply) as your own view. |
| | 曲礼上: |
若夫，坐如尸，立如齐。 |
| Qu Li I: |
If a man be sitting, let him do so as a personator of the deceased; if he be standing, let him do so (reverently), as in sacrificing. |
| | 曲礼上: |
礼从宜，使从俗。 |
| Qu Li I: |
In (observing) the rules of propriety, what is right (for the time and in the circumstances) should be followed. In discharging a mission (to another state), its customs are to be observed. |
| | 曲礼上: |
夫礼者所以定亲疏，决嫌疑，别同异，明是非也。 |
| Qu Li I: |
They are the rules of propriety, that furnish the means of determining (the observances towards) relatives, as near and remote; of settling points which may cause suspicion or doubt; of distinguishing where there should be agreement, and where difference; and of making clear what is right and what is wrong. |
| | 曲礼上: |
礼，不妄说人，不辞费。礼，不逾节，不侵侮，不好狎。修身践言，谓之善行。行修言道，礼之质也。礼闻取于人，不闻取人。礼闻来学，不闻往教。 |
| Qu Li I: |
According to those rules, one should not (seek to) please others in an improper way, nor be lavish of his words. According to them, one does not go beyond the definite measure, nor encroach on or despise others, nor is fond of (presuming) familiarities. To cultivate one's person and fulfil one's words is called good conduct. When the conduct is (thus) ordered, and the words are accordant with the (right) course, we have the substance of the rules of propriety. I have heard that it is in accordance with those rules that one should be chosen by others (as their model); I have not heard of his choosing them (to take him as such). I have heard in the same way of (scholars) coming to learn; I have not heard of (the master) going to teach. |
| | 曲礼上: |
道德仁义，非礼不成，教训正俗，非礼不备。分争辨讼，非礼不决。君臣上下父子兄弟，非礼不定。宦学事师，非礼不亲。班朝治军，莅官行法，非礼威严不行。祷祠祭祀，供给鬼神，非礼不诚不庄。是以君子恭敬撙节退让以明礼。 |
| Qu Li I: |
The course (of duty), virtue, benevolence, and righteousness cannot be fully carried out without the rules of propriety; nor are training and oral lessons for the rectification of manners complete; nor can the clearing up of quarrels and discriminating in disputes be accomplished; nor can (the duties between) ruler and minister, high and low, father and son, elder brother and younger, be determined; nor can students for office and (other) learners, in serving their masters, have an attachment for them; nor can majesty and dignity be shown in assigning the different places at court, in the government of the armies, and in discharging the duties of office so as to secure the operation of the laws; nor can there be the (proper) sincerity and gravity in presenting the offerings to spiritual Beings on occasions of supplication, thanksgiving, and the various sacrifices. Therefore the superior man is respectful and reverent, assiduous in his duties and not going beyond them, retiring and yielding - thus illustrating (the principle of) propriety. |
| | 曲礼上: |
鹦鹉能言，不离飞鸟；猩猩能言，不离禽兽。今人而无礼，虽能言，不亦禽兽之心乎？夫唯禽兽无礼，故父子聚麀。是故圣人作，为礼以教人。使人以有礼，知自别于禽兽。 |
| Qu Li I: |
The parrot can speak, and yet is nothing more than a bird; the ape can speak, and yet is nothing more than a beast. Here now is a man who observes no rules of propriety; is not his heart that of a beast? But if (men were as) beasts, and without (the principle of) propriety, father and son might have the same mate. Therefore, when the sages arose, they framed the rules of propriety in order to teach men, and cause them, by their possession of them, to make a distinction between themselves and brutes. |
| | 曲礼上: |
太上贵德，其次务施报。礼尚往来。往而不来，非礼也；来而不往，亦非礼也。人有礼则安，无礼则危。故曰：礼者不可不学也。 |
| Qu Li I: |
In the highest antiquity they prized (simply conferring) good; in the time next to this, giving and repaying was the thing attended to. And what the rules of propriety value is that reciprocity. If I give a gift and nothing comes in return, that is contrary to propriety; if the thing comes to me, and I give nothing in return, that also is contrary to propriety. If a man observe the rules of propriety, he is in a condition of security; if he do not, he is in one of danger. Hence there is the saying, 'The rules of propriety should by no means be left unlearned.' |
| | 曲礼上: |
夫礼者，自卑而尊人。虽负贩者，必有尊也，而况富贵乎？富贵而知好礼，则不骄不淫；贫贱而知好礼，则志不慑。 |
| Qu Li I: |
Propriety is seen in humbling one's self and giving honour to others. Even porters and pedlers are sure to display this giving honour (in some cases); how much more should the rich and noble do so (in all)! When the rich and noble know to love propriety, they do not become proud nor dissolute. When the poor and mean know to love propriety, their minds do not become cowardly. |
| | 曲礼上: |
人生十年曰幼，学。二十曰弱，冠。三十曰壮，有室。四十曰强，而仕。五十曰艾，服官政。六十曰耆，指使。七十曰老，而传。八十、九十曰耄，七年曰悼，悼与耄虽有罪，不加刑焉。百年曰期，颐。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When one is ten years old, we call him a boy; he goes (out) to school. When he is twenty, we call him a youth; he is capped. When he is thirty, we say, 'He is at his maturity;' he has a wife. When he is forty, we say, 'He is in his vigour;' he is employed in office. When he is fifty, we say, 'He is getting grey;' he can discharge all the duties of an officer. When he is sixty, we say, 'He is getting old;' he gives directions and instructions. When he is seventy, we say, 'He is old;' he delegates his duties to others. At eighty or ninety, we say of him, 'He is very old.' When he is seven, we say that he is an object of pitying love. Such a child and one who is very old, though they may be chargeable with crime, are not subjected to punishment. At a hundred, he is called a centenarian, and has to be fed. |
| | 曲礼上: |
大夫七十而致事。若不得谢，则必赐之几杖，行役以妇人。适四方，乘安车。自称曰老夫，于其国则称名；越国而问焉，必告之以其制。 |
| Qu Li I: |
A great officer, when he is seventy, should resign (his charge of) affairs. If he be not allowed to resign, there must be given him a stool and staff. When travelling on service, he must have the attendance of his wife; and when going to any other state, he will ride in an easy carriage. (In another state) he will, style himself 'the old man;' in his own state, he will call himself by his name. When from another they ask (about his state), he must tell them of its (old) institutions. |
| | 曲礼上: |
谋于长者，必操几杖以从之。长者问，不辞让而对，非礼也。 |
| Qu Li I: |
In going to take counsel with an elder, one must carry a stool and a staff with him (for the elder's use). When the elder asks a question, to reply without acknowledging one's incompetency and (trying to) decline answering, is contrary to propriety. |
| | 曲礼上: |
凡为人子之礼：冬温而夏凊，昏定而晨省，在丑夷不争。 |
| Qu Li I: |
For all sons it is the rule: In winter, to warm (the bed for their parents), and to cool it in summer; in the evening, to adjust everything (for their repose), and to inquire (about their health) in the morning; and, when with their companions, not to quarrel. |
| | 曲礼上: |
夫为人子者，三赐不及车马。故州闾乡党称其孝也，兄弟亲戚称其慈也，僚友称其弟也，执友称其仁也，交游称其信也。见父之执，不谓之进不敢进，不谓之退不敢退，不问不敢对。此孝子之行也。 |
| Qu Li I: |
Whenever a son, having received the three (first) gifts (of the ruler), declines (to use) the carriage and horses, the people of the hamlets and smaller districts, and of the larger districts and neighbourhoods, will proclaim him filial; his brothers and relatives, both by consanguinity and affinity, will proclaim him loving; his friends who are fellow-officers will proclaim him virtuous; and his friends who are his associates will proclaim him true. When he sees an intimate friend of his father, not to presume to go forward to him without being told to do so; nor to retire without being told; nor to address him without being questioned - this is the conduct of a filial son. |
| | 曲礼上: |
夫为人子者：出必告，反必面，所游必有常，所习必有业。恒言不称老。年长以倍则父事之，十年以长则兄事之，五年以长则肩随之。群居五人，则长者必异席。 |
| Qu Li I: |
A son, when he is going abroad, must inform (his parents where he is going); when he returns, he must present himself before them. Where he travels must be in some fixed (region); what he engages in must be some (reputable) occupation. In ordinary conversation (with his parents), he does not use the term 'old' (with reference to them). He should serve one twice as old as himself as he serves his father, one ten years older than himself as an elder brother; with one five years older he should walk shoulder to shoulder, but (a little) behind him. When five are sitting together, the eldest must have a different mat (by himself). |
| | 曲礼上: |
为人子者，居不主奥，坐不中席，行不中道，立不中门。食飨不为概，祭祀不为尸。听于无声，视于无形。不登高，不临深。不茍訾，不茍笑。 |
| Qu Li I: |
A son should not occupy the south-west corner of the apartment, nor sit in the middle of the mat (which he occupies alone), nor walk in the middle of the road, nor stand in the middle of the doorway. He should not take the part of regulating the (quantity of) rice and other viands at an entertainment. He should not act as personator of the dead at sacrifice. He should be (as if he were) hearing (his parents) when there is no voice from them, and as seeing them when they are not actually there. He should not ascend a height, nor approach the verge of a depth; he should not indulge in reckless reviling or derisive laughing. |
| | 曲礼上: |
孝子不服暗，不登危，惧辱亲也。父母存，不许友以死。不有私财。 |
| Qu Li I: |
A filial son will not do things in the dark, nor attempt hazardous undertakings, fearing lest he disgrace his parents. While his parents are alive, he will not promise a friend to die (with or for him), nor will he have wealth that he calls his own. |
| | 曲礼上: |
为人子者：父母存，冠衣不纯素。孤子当室，冠衣不纯采。 |
| Qu Li I: |
A son, while his parents are alive, will not wear a cap or (other) article of dress, with a white border. An orphan son, taking his father's place, will not wear a cap or (other article of) dress with a variegated border. |
| | 曲礼上: |
幼子常视毋诳，童子不衣裘裳。立必正方。不倾听。长者与之提携，则两手奉长者之手。负剑辟咡诏之，则掩口而对。 |
| Qu Li I: |
A boy should never he allowed to see an instance of deceit. A lad should not wear a jacket of fur nor the skirt. He must stand straight and square, and not incline his head in hearing. When an elder is holding him with the hand, he should hold the elder's hand with both his hands. When the elder has shifted his sword to his back and is speaking to him with the side of his face bent, down, he should cover his mouth with his hand in answering. |
| | 曲礼上: |
从于先生，不越路而与人言。遭先生于道，趋而进，正立拱手。先生与之言则对；不与之言则趋而退。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When he is following his teacher, he should not quit the road to speak with another person. When he meets his teacher on the road, he should hasten forward to him, and stand with his hands joined across his breast. If the teacher speak to him, he will answer; if he do not, he will retire with hasty steps. |
| | 曲礼上: |
从长者而上丘陵，则必乡长者所视。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When, following an elder, they ascend a level height, he must keep his face towards the quarter to which the elder is looking. |
| | 曲礼上: |
登城不指，城上不呼。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When one has ascended the wall of a city, he should not point, nor callout. |
| | 曲礼上: |
将适舍，求毋固。将上堂，声必扬。户外有二屦，言闻则入，言不闻则不入。将入户，视必下。入户奉扃，视瞻毋回；户开亦开，户阖亦阖；有后入者，阖而勿遂。毋践屦，毋踖席，抠衣趋隅。必慎唯诺。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When he intends to go to a lodging-house, let it not be with the feeling that he must get whatever he asks for. When about to go up to the hall (of a house), he must raise his voice. When outside the door there are two (pairs of) shoes, if voices be heard, he enters; if voices be not heard, he will not enter. When about to enter the door, he must keep his eyes cast down. As he enters, he should (keep his hands raised as high as if he were) bearing the bar of the door. In looking down or up, he should not turn (his head). If the door were open, he should leave it open; if it were shut, he should shut it again. If there be others (about) to enter after him, while he (turns to) shut the door, let him not do so hastily. Let him not tread on the shoes (left outside the door), nor stride across the mat (in going to take his seat); but let him hold up his dress, and move hastily to his corner (of the mat). (When seated), he must be careful in answering or assenting. |
| | 曲礼上: |
大夫士出入君门，由闑右，不践阈。 |
| Qu Li I: |
A great officer or (other) officer should go out or in at the ruler's doors, on the right of the middle post, without treading on the threshold. |
| | 曲礼上: |
凡与客入者，每门让于客。客至于寝门，则主人请入为席，然后出迎客。客固辞，主人肃客而入。主人入门而右，客入门而左。主人就东阶，客就西阶，客若降等，则就主人之阶。主人固辞，然后客复就西阶。主人与客让登，主人先登，客从之，拾级聚足，连步以上。上于东阶则先右足，上于西阶则先左足。 |
| Qu Li I: |
Whenever (a host has received and) is entering with a guest, at every door he should give place to him. When the guest arrives at the innermost door (or that leading to the feast-room), the host will ask to be allowed to enter first and arrange the mats. Having done this, he will come out to receive the guest, who will refuse firmly (to enter first). The host having made a low bow to him, they will enter (together). When they have entered the door, the host moves to the right, and the guest to the left, the former going to the steps on the east, and the latter to those on the west. If the guest be of the lower rank, he goes to the steps of the host (as if to follow him up them). The host firmly declines this, and he returns to the other steps on the west. They then offer to each other the precedence in going up, but the host commences first, followed (immediately) by the other. They bring their feet together on every step, thus ascending by successive paces. He who ascends by the steps on the cast should move his right foot first, and the other at the western steps his left foot. |
| | 曲礼上: |
帷薄之外不趋，堂上不趋，执玉不趋。堂上接武，堂下布武。室中不翔，并坐不横肱。授立不跪，授坐不立。 |
| Qu Li I: |
Outside the curtain or screen (a visitor) should not walk with the formal hasty steps, nor above in the hall, nor when carrying the symbol of jade. Above, in the raised hall, the foot-prints should be alongside each other, but below it free and separate. In the apartment the elbows should not be held out like wings in bowing. When two (equals) are sitting side by side, they do not have their elbows extended crosswise. One should not kneel in handing anything to a (superior) standing, nor stand in handing it to him sitting. |
| | 曲礼上: |
凡为长者粪之礼，必加帚于箕上，以袂拘而退；其尘不及长者，以箕自乡而扱之。奉席如桥衡，请席何乡，请衽何趾。席：南乡北乡，以西方为上；东乡西乡，以南方为上。 |
| Qu Li I: |
In all cases of (a lad's) carrying away the dirt that has been swept up from the presence of an elder, it is the rule that he (place) the brush on the basket, keeping his sleeve before it as he retires. The dust is not allowed to reach the elder, because he carries the basket with its mouth turned towards himself. He carries the (elder's) mat in his arms like the cross-beam of a shadoof. If it be a mat to sit on, he will ask in what direction (the elder) is going to turn his face; if it be to sleep on, in what direction he is going to turn his feet. If a mat face the south or the north, the seat on the west is accounted that of honour; if it face the east or the west, the seat on the south. |
| | 曲礼上: |
若非饮食之客，则布席，席间函丈。主人跪正席，客跪抚席而辞。客彻重席，主人固辞。客践席，乃坐。主人不问，客不先举。 |
| Qu Li I: |
Except in the case of guests who are there (simply) to eat and drink, in spreading the mats a space of ten cubits should be left between them. When the host kneels to adjust the mats (of a visitor), the other should kneel and keep hold of them, declining (the honour). When the visitor (wishes to) remove one or more, the host should firmly decline to permit him to do so. When the visitor steps on his mats, (the host) takes his seat. If the host have not put some question, the visitor should not begin the conversation. |
| | 曲礼上: |
将即席，容毋怍。两手抠衣去齐尺。衣毋拨，足毋蹶。先生书策琴瑟在前，坐而迁之，戒勿越。虚坐尽后，食坐尽前。坐必安，执尔颜。长者不及，毋馋言。正尔容，听必恭。毋剿说，毋雷同。必则古昔，称先王。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When (a pupil) is about to go to his mat, he should not look discomposed. With his two hands he should hold up his lower garment, so that the bottom of it may be a cubit from the ground. His clothes should not hang loosely about him, nor should there be any hurried movements of his feet. If any writing or tablets of his master, or his lute or cithern be in the way, he should kneel down and remove them, taking care not to disarrange them. When sitting and doing nothing, he should keep quite at the back (of his mat); when eating, quite at the front of it. He should sit quietly and keep a watch on his countenance. If there be any subject on which the elder has not touched, let him not introduce it irregularly. Let him keep his deportment correct, and listen respectfully. Let him not appropriate (to himself) the words (of others), nor (repeat them) as (the echo does the) thunder. If he must (adduce proofs), let them be from antiquity, with an appeal to the ancient kings. |
| | 曲礼上: |
侍坐于先生：先生问焉，终则对。请业则起，请益则起。父召无诺，先生召无诺，唯而起。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When sitting by his side, and the teacher puts a question, (the learner) should not reply till (the other) has finished. When requesting (instruction) on the subject of his studies, (the learner) should rise; when requesting further information, he should rise. When his father calls, (a youth) should not (merely) answer 'yes,' nor when his teacher calls. He should, with (a respectful) 'yes,' immediately rise (and go to them). |
| | 曲礼上: |
侍坐于所尊敬，毋馀席。见同等不起。烛至起，食至起，上客起。烛不见跋。尊客之前不叱狗。让食不唾。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When one is sitting in attendance on another whom he honours and reveres, he should not allow any part of his mat to keep them apart, nor will he rise when he sees others (come in) of the same rank as himself. When the torches come, he should rise; and also when the viands come in, or a visitor of superior rank. The torches should not (be allowed to burn) till their ends can be seen. Before an honoured visitor we should not shout (even) at a dog. When declining any food, one should not spit. |
| | 曲礼上: |
侍坐于君子，君子欠伸，撰杖屦，视日蚤莫，侍坐者请出矣。侍坐于君子，君子问更端，则起而对。侍坐于君子，若有告者曰：“少间”，愿有复也；则左右屏而待。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When one is sitting in attendance on another of superior character or rank, and that other yawns or stretches himself, or lays hold of his staff or shoes, or looks towards the sun to see if it be early or late, he should ask to be allowed to leave. In the same position, if the superior man put a question on a new subject, he should rise up in giving his reply. Similarly, if there come some one saying (to the superior man), 'I wish, when you have a little leisure, to report to you,' he should withdraw to the left or right and wait. |
| | 曲礼上: |
毋侧听，毋噭应，毋淫视，毋怠荒。游毋倨，立毋跛，坐毋箕，寝毋伏。敛发毋髢，冠毋免，劳毋袒，暑毋褰裳。 |
| Qu Li I: |
Do not listen with the head inclined on one side, nor answer with a loud sharp voice, nor look with a dissolute leer, nor keep the body in a slouching position. Do not saunter about with a haughty gait, nor stand with one foot raised. Do not sit with your knees wide apart, nor sleep on your face. Have your hair gathered up, and do not use any false hair. Let not the cap be laid aside; nor the chest be bared, (even) when one is toiling hard; nor let the lower garment be held up (even) in hot weather. |
| | 曲礼上: |
侍坐于长者，屦不上于堂，解屦不敢当阶。就屦，跪而举之，屏于侧。乡长者而屦；跪而迁屦，俯而纳屦。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When (going to) sit in attendance on an elder, (a visitor) should not go up to the hall with his shoes on, nor should he presume to take them off in front of the Steps. (When any single visitor is leaving), he will go to his shoes, kneel down and take them up, and then move to one side. (When the visitors retire in a body) with their faces towards the elder, (they stand) by the shoes, which they then, kneeling, remove (some distance), and, stooping down, put on. |
| | 曲礼上: |
离坐离立，毋往参焉；离立者，不出中间。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When two men are sitting or standing together, do not join them as a third. When two are standing together, another should not pass between them. |
| | 曲礼上: |
男女不杂坐，不同椸枷，不同巾栉，不亲授。嫂叔不通问，诸母不漱裳。外言不入于捆，内言不出于捆。 |
| Qu Li I: |
Male and female should not sit together (in the same apartment), nor have the same stand or rack for their clothes, nor use the same towel or comb, nor let their hands touch in giving and receiving. A sister-in-law and brother-in-law do not interchange inquiries (about each other). None of the concubines in a house should be employed to wash the lower garment (of a son). Outside affairs should not be talked of inside the threshold (of the women's apartments), nor inside (or women's) affairs outside it. |
| | 曲礼上: |
女子许嫁，缨；非有大故，不入其门。姑姊妹女子子，已嫁而反，兄弟弗与同席而坐，弗与同器而食。父子不同席。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When a young lady is promised in marriage, she wears the strings (hanging down to her neck); and unless there be some great occasion, no (male) enters the door of her apartment. When a married aunt, or sister, or daughter returns home (on a visit), no brother (of the family) should sit with her on the same mat or eat with her from the same dish. (Even) the father and daughter should not occupy the same mat. |
| | 曲礼上: |
男女非有行媒，不相知名；非受币，不交不亲。故日月以告君，齐戒以告鬼神，为酒食以召乡党僚友，以厚其别也。 |
| Qu Li I: |
Male and female, without the intervention of the matchmaker, do not know each other's name. Unless the marriage presents have been received, there should be no communication nor affection between them. Hence the day and month (of the marriage) should be announced to the ruler, and to the spirits (of ancestors) with purification and fasting; and (the bridegroom) should make a feast, and invite (his friends) in the district and neighbourhood, and his fellow-officers - thus giving its due importance to the separate position (of male and female). |
| | 曲礼上: |
取妻不取同姓；故买妾不知其姓则卜之。寡妇之子，非有见焉，弗与为友。 |
| Qu Li I: |
One must not marry a wife of the same surname with himself. Hence, in buying a concubine, if he do not know her surname, he must consult the tortoise-shell about it. With the son of a widow, unless he be of acknowledged distinction, one should not associate himself as a friend. |
| | 曲礼上: |
贺取妻者，曰：“某子使某闻子有客，使某羞。” |
| Qu Li I: |
When one congratulates (a friend) on his marrying, his messenger says, 'So and So has sent me. Having heard that you are having guests, he has sent me with this present.' |
| | 曲礼上: |
贫者不以货财为礼，老者不以筋力为礼。 |
| Qu Li I: |
Goods and wealth are not to be expected from the poor in their discharge of the rules of propriety; nor the display of sinews and strength from the old. |
| | 曲礼上: |
名子者不以国，不以日月，不以隐疾，不以山川。男女异长。男子二十，冠而字。父前，子名；君前，臣名。女子许嫁，笄而字。 |
| Qu Li I: |
In giving a name to a son, it should not be that of a state, nor of a day or a month, nor of any hidden ailment, nor of a hill or river. Sons and daughters should have their (relative) ages distinguished. A son at twenty is capped, and receives his appellation. Before his father a son should be called by his name, and before his ruler a minister. When a daughter is promised in marriage, she assumes the hair-pin, and receives her appellation. |
| | 曲礼上: |
凡进食之礼，左淆右胾，食居人之左，羹居人之右。脍炙处外，醯酱处内，葱渫处末，酒浆处右。以脯修置者，左朐右末。 |
| Qu Li I: |
The rules for bringing in the dishes for an entertainment are the following: The meat cooked on the bones is set on the left, and the sliced meat on the right; the rice is placed on the left of the parties on the mat, and the soup on their right; the minced and roasted meat are put outside (the chops and sliced meat), and the pickles and sauces inside; the onions and steamed onions succeed to these, and the drink and syrups are on the right. When slices of dried and spiced meat are put down, where they are folded is turned to the left, and the ends of them to the right. |
| | 曲礼上: |
客若降等执食兴辞，主人兴辞于客，然后客坐。主人延客祭：祭食，祭所先进。淆之序，遍祭之。三饭，主人延客食胾，然后辩淆。主人未辩，客不虚口。 |
| Qu Li I: |
If a guest be of lower rank (than his entertainer), he should take up the rice, rise and decline (the honour he is receiving). The host then rises and refuses to allow the guest (to retire). After this the guest will resume his seat. When the host leads on the guests to present an offering (to the father of cookery), they will begin with the dishes which were first brought in. Going on from the meat cooked on the bones they will offer of all (the other dishes). After they have eaten three times, the host will lead on the guests to take of the sliced meat, from which they will go on to all the other dishes. A guest should not rinse his mouth with spirits till the host has gone over all the dishes. |
| | 曲礼上: |
侍食于长者，主人亲馈，则拜而食；主人不亲馈，则不拜而食。共食不饱，共饭不泽手。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When (a youth) is in attendance on an elder at a meal, if the host give anything to him with his own hand, he should bow to him and eat it. If he do not so give him anything, he should eat without bowing. When eating with others from the same dishes, one should not try to eat (hastily) to satiety. When eating with them from the same dish of rice, one should not have to wash his hands. |
| | 曲礼上: |
毋抟饭，毋放饭，毋流歠，毋吒食，毋啮骨，毋反鱼肉，毋投与狗骨。毋固获，毋扬饭。饭黍毋以箸。毋嚃羹，毋絮羹，毋刺齿，毋歠醢。客絮羹，主人辞不能亨。客歠醢，主人辞以窭。濡肉齿决，乾肉不齿决。毋嘬炙。卒食，客自前跪，彻饭齐以授相者，主人兴辞于客，然后客坐。 |
| Qu Li I: |
Do not roll the rice into a ball; do not bolt down the various dishes; do not swill down (the soup). Do not make a noise in eating; do not crunch the bones with the teeth; do not put back fish you have been eating; do not throw the bones to the dogs; do not snatch (at what you want). Do not spread out the rice (to cool); do not use chopsticks in eating millet. Do not (try to) gulp down soup with vegetables in it, nor add condiments to it; do not keep picking the-teeth, nor swill down the sauces. If a guest add condiments, the host will apologise for not having had the soup prepared better. If he swill down the sauces, the host will apologise for his poverty. Meat that is wet (and soft) may be divided with the teeth, but dried flesh cannot be so dealt with. Do not bolt roast meat in large pieces. When they have done eating, the guests will kneel in front (of the mat), and (begin to) remove the (dishes) of rice and sauces to give them to the attendants. The host will then rise and decline this service from the guests, who will resume their seats. |
| | 曲礼上: |
侍饮于长者，酒进则起，拜受于尊所。长者辞，少者反席而饮。长者举未釂，少者不敢饮。 |
| Qu Li I: |
If a youth is in attendance on, and drinking with, an elder, when the (cup of) spirits is brought to him, he rises, bows, and (goes to) receive it at the place where the spirit-vase is kept. The elder refuses (to allow him to do so), when he returns to the mat, and (is prepared) to drink. The elder (meantime) lifts (his cup); but until he has emptied it, the other does not presume to drink his. |
| | 曲礼上: |
长者赐，少者、贱者不敢辞。赐果于君前，其有核者怀其核。御食于君，君赐馀，器之溉者不写，其馀皆写。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When an elder offers a gift, neither a youth, nor one of mean condition, presumes to decline it. When a fruit is given by the ruler and in his presence, if there be a kernel in it, (the receiver) should place it in his bosom. When one is attending the ruler at a meal, and the ruler gives him anything that is left, if it be in a vessel that can be easily scoured, he does not transfer it (to another of his own); but from any other vessel he should so transfer it. |
| | 曲礼上: |
餕馀不祭。父不祭子，夫不祭妻。 |
| Qu Li I: |
Portions of (such) food should not be used as offerings (to the departed). A father should not use them in offering even to a (deceased) son, nor a husband in offering to a (deceased) wife. |
| | 曲礼上: |
御同于长者，虽贰不辞，偶坐不辞。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When one is attending an elder and (called to) share with him (at a feast), though the viands may be double (what is necessary), he should not (seek) to decline them. If he take his seat (only) as the companion of another (for whom it has been prepared), he should not decline them. |
| | 曲礼上: |
羹之有菜者用梜，其无菜者不用梜。 |
| Qu Li I: |
If the soup be made with vegetables, chopsticks should be used; but not if there be no vegetables. |
| | 曲礼上: |
为天子削瓜者副之，巾以絺。为国君者华之，巾以綌。为大夫累之，士疐之，庶人齕之。 |
| Qu Li I: |
He who pares a melon for the son of Heaven should divide it into four parts and then into eight, and cover them with a napkin of fine linen. For the ruler of a state, he should divide it into four parts, and cover them with a coarse napkin. To a great officer he should (present the four parts) uncovered. An inferior officer should receive it (simply) with the stalk cut away. A common man will deal with it with his teeth. |
| | 曲礼上: |
父母有疾，冠者不栉，行不翔，言不惰，琴瑟不御，食肉不至变味，饮酒不至变貌，笑不至矧，怒不至詈。疾止复故。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When his father or mother is ill, (a young man) who has been capped should not use his comb, nor walk with his elbows stuck out, nor speak on idle topics, nor take his lute or cithern in hand. He should not eat of (different) meats till his taste is changed, nor drink till his looks are changed'. He should not laugh so as to show his teeth, nor be angry till he breaks forth in reviling. When the illness is gone, he may resume his former habits. |
| | 曲礼上: |
有忧者侧席而坐，有丧者专席而坐。 |
| Qu Li I: |
He who is sad and anxious should sit with his mat spread apart from others; he who is mourning (for a death) should sit on a single mat. |
| | 曲礼上: |
水潦降，不献鱼鳖，献鸟者拂其首，畜鸟者则勿拂也。献车马者执策绥，献甲者执胄，献杖者执末。献民虏者操右袂。献粟者执右契，献米者操量鼓。献孰食者操酱齐。献田宅者操书致。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When heavy rains have fallen, one should not present fish or tortoises (to a superior). He who is presenting a bird should turn its head on one side; if it be a tame bird, this need not be done. He who is presenting a carriage and horses should carry in his hand (to the hall) the whip, and strap for mounting by. He who is presenting a suit of mail should carry the helmet (to the hall). He who is presenting a staff should hold it by its end. He who is presenting a captive should hold him by the right sleeve. He who is presenting grain unhulled should carry with him the left side of the account (of the quantity); if the hull be off, he should carry with him a measure-drum. He who is presenting cooked food, should carry with him the sauce and pickles for it. He who is presenting fields and tenements should carry with him the writings about them, and give them up (to the superior). |
| | 曲礼上: |
凡遗人弓者：张弓尚筋，弛弓尚角。右手执箫，左手承弣。尊卑垂帨。若主人拜，则客还辟，辟拜。主人自受，由客之左接下承弣；乡与客并，然后受。 |
| Qu Li I: |
In every case of giving a bow to another, if it be bent, the (string of) sinew should be kept upwards; but if unbent, the horn. (The giver) should with his right hand grasp the end of the bow, and keep his left under the middle of the back. The (parties, without regard to their rank as) high and low, (bow to each other) till the napkins (at their girdles) hang down (to the ground). If the host (wish to) bow (still lower), the other moves on one side to avoid the salutation. The host then takes the bow, standing on the left of the other. Putting his hand under that of the visitor, he lays hold of the middle of the back, having his face in the same direction as the other; and thus he receives (the bow). |
| | 曲礼上: |
进剑者左首。进戈者前其鐏，后其刃。进矛戟者前其镦。进几杖者拂之。效马效羊者右牵之；效犬者左牵之。执禽者左首。饰羔雁者以缋。受珠玉者以掬。受弓剑者以袂。饮玉爵者弗挥。凡以弓剑、苞苴、箪笥问人者，操以受命，如使之容。 |
| Qu Li I: |
He who is giving a sword should do so with the hilt on his left side. He who is giving a spear with one hook should do so with the metal end of the shaft in front, and the sharp edge behind. He who is presenting one with two hooks, or one with a single hook and two sharp points, should do so with the blunt shaft in front. He who is giving a stool or a staff should (first) wipe it. He who is presenting a horse or a sheep should lead it with his right hand. He who is presenting a dog should lead it with his left hand. He who is carrying a bird (as his present of introduction) should do so with the head to the left. For the ornamental covering of a lamb or a goose, an embroidered cloth should be used. He who receives a pearl or a piece of jade should do so with both his hands. He who receives a bow or a sword should do so (having his hands covered) with his sleeves. He who has drunk from a cup of jade should not (go on to) shake it out. Whenever friendly messages are about to be sent, with the present of a sword or bow, or of (fruit, flesh, and other things, wrapped in) matting of rushes, with grass mats, and in baskets, round and square, (the messenger) has these things (carried with him, when he goes) to receive his commission, and deports himself as when he will be discharging it. |
| | 曲礼上: |
凡为君使者，已受命，君言不宿于家。君言至，则主人出拜君言之辱；使者归，则必拜送于门外。若使人于君所，则必朝服而命之；使者反，则必下堂而受命。 |
| Qu Li I: |
Whenever one is charged with a mission by his ruler, after he has received from him his orders, and (heard all) he has to say, he should not remain over the night in his house. When a message from the ruler comes (to a minister), the latter should go out and bow (to the bearer), in acknowledgment of the honour of it. When the messenger is about to return, (the other) must bow to him (again), and escort him outside the gate. If (a minister) send a message to his ruler, he must wear his court-robes when he communicates it to the bearer; and on his return, he must descend from the hall, to receive (the ruler's) commands. |
| | 曲礼上: |
博闻强识而让，敦善行而不怠，谓之君子。君子不尽人之欢，不竭人之忠，以全交也。 |
| Qu Li I: |
To acquire extensive information and remember retentively, while (at the same time) he is modest; to do earnestly what is good, and not become weary in so doing - these are the characteristics of him whom we call the superior man. A superior man does not accept everything by which another would express his joy in him, or his devotion to him; and thus he preserves their friendly intercourse unbroken. |
| | 曲礼上: |
《礼》曰：“君子抱孙不抱子。”此言孙可以为王父尸，子不可以为父尸。为君尸者，大夫士见之，则下之。君知所以为尸者，则自下之，尸必式。乘必以几。 |
| Qu Li I: |
A rule of propriety says, 'A superior man may carry his grandson in his arms, but not his son.' This tells us that a grandson may be the personator of his deceased grandfather (at sacrifices), but a son cannot be so of his father. When a great officer or (other) officer sees one who is to personate the dead (on his way to the ancestral temple), he should dismount from his carriage to him. The ruler himself, when he recognises him, should do the same. The personator (at the same time) must bow forward to the cross-bar. In mounting the carriage, he must use a stool. |
| | 曲礼上: |
齐者不乐不吊。 |
| Qu Li I: |
One who is fasting (in preparation for a sacrifice) should neither listen to music nor condole with mourners. |
| | 曲礼上: |
居丧之礼，毁瘠不形，视听不衰。升降不由阼阶，出入不当门隧。居丧之礼，头有创则沐，身有疡则浴，有疾则饮酒食肉，疾止复初。不胜丧，乃比于不慈不孝。五十不致毁，六十不毁，七十唯衰麻在身，饮酒食肉，处于内。 |
| Qu Li I: |
According to the rules for the period of mourning (for a father), (a son) should not emaciate himself till the bones appear, nor let his seeing and hearing be affected (by his privations). He should not go up to, nor descend from, the hail by the steps on the east (which his father used), nor go in or out by the path right opposite to the (centre of the) gate. According to the same rules, if he have a scab on his head, he should wash it; if he have a sore on his body, he should bathe it. If he be ill, he should drink spirits, and eat flesh, returning to his former (abstinence) when he is better. If he make himself unable to perform his mourning duties, that is like being unkind and unfilial. If he be fifty, he should not allow himself to be reduced (by his abstinence) very much; and, if he be sixty, not at all. At seventy, he will only wear the unhemmed dress of sackcloth, and will drink and eat flesh, and occupy (the usual apartment) inside (his house). |
| | 曲礼上: |
生与来日，死与往日。知生者吊，知死者伤。知生而不知死，吊而不伤；知死而不知生，伤而不吊。 |
| Qu Li I: |
Intercourse with the living (will be continued) in the future; intercourse with the dead (friend) was a thing of the past. He who knows the living should send (a message of) condolence; and he who knew the dead (a message also of his) grief. He who knows the living, and did not know the dead, will send his condolence without (that expression of) his grief; he who knew the dead, and does not know the living, will send the (expression of) grief, but not go on to condole. |
| | 曲礼上: |
吊丧弗能赙，不问其所费。问疾弗能遗，不问其所欲。见人弗能馆，不问其所舍。赐人者不曰来取。与人者不问其所欲。 |
| Qu Li I: |
He who is condoling with one who has mourning rites in band, and is not able to assist him with a gift, should put no question about his expenditure. He who is enquiring after another that is ill, and is not able to send (anything to him), should not ask what he would like. He who sees (a traveller), and is not able to lodge him, should not ask where he is stopping. He who would confer something on another should not say, 'Come and take it;' he who would give something (to a smaller man), should not ask him what he would like. |
| | 曲礼上: |
适墓不登垄，助葬必执绋。临丧不笑。揖人必违其位。望柩不歌。入临不翔。当食不叹。邻有丧，舂不相。里有殡，不巷歌。适墓不歌。哭日不歌。送丧不由径，送葬不辟涂潦。临丧则必有哀色，执绋不笑，临乐不叹；介胄，则有不可犯之色。故君子戒慎，不失色于人。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When one goes to a burying-ground, he should not get up on any of the graves. When assisting at an interment, one should (join in) holding the rope attached to the coffin. In a house of mourning, one should not laugh. In order to bow to another, one should leave his own place. When one sees at a distance a coffin with the corpse in it, he should not sing. When he enters among the mourners, he should not keep his arms stuck out. When eating (with others), he should not sigh. When there are mourning rites in his neighbourhood, one should not accompany his pestle with his voice. When there is a body shrouded and coffined in his village, one should not sing in the lanes. When going to a burying-ground, one should not sing, nor on the same day when he has wailed (with mourners). When accompanying a funeral, one should not take a by-path. When taking part in the act of interment, one should not (try to) avoid mud or pools. When presenting himself at any mourning rite, one should have a sad countenance. When holding the rope, one should not laugh, When present on an occasion of joy, one should not sigh. When wearing his coat of mail and helmet, one's countenance should say, 'Who dares meddle with me?' Hence the superior man is careful to maintain the proper expression of his countenance before others. |
| | 曲礼上: |
国君抚式，大夫下之。大夫抚式，士下之。礼不下庶人，刑不上大夫。刑人不在君侧。 |
| Qu Li I: |
Where the ruler of a state lays hold of the cross-bar, and bends forward to it, a great officer will descend from his carriage. Where a great officer lays bold of the bar and bends forward, another officer will descend. The rules of ceremony do not go down to the common people. The penal statutes do not go up to great officers. Men who have suffered punishment should not (be allowed to) be by the side of the ruler. |
| | 曲礼上: |
兵车不式。武车绥旌，德车结旌。史载笔，士载言。前有水，则载青旌。前有尘埃，则载鸣鸢。前有车骑，则载飞鸿。前有士师，则载虎皮。前有挚兽，则载貔貅。行：前朱鸟而后玄武，左青龙而右白虎。招摇在上，急缮其怒。进退有度，左右有局，各司其局。 |
| Qu Li I: |
A fighting chariot has no cross-board to assist its occupants in bowing; in a war chariot the banner is fully displayed; in a chariot of peace it is kept folded round the pole. A recorder should carry with him in his carriage his implements for writing; his, subordinates the (recorded) words (of former covenants and other documents). When there is water in front, the flag with the green bird on it should be displayed. When there is (a cloud of) dust in front, that with the screaming kites. For chariots and horsemen, that with wild geese in flight. For a body of troops, that with a tiger's (skin). For a beast of prey, that with a leopard's (skin). On the march the (banner with the) Red Bird should be in front; that with the Dark Warrior behind; that with the Azure Dragon on the left; and that with the White Tiger on the right; that with the Pointer of the Northern Bushel should be reared aloft (in the centre of the host) - all to excite and direct the fury (of the troops). There are rules for advancing and retreating; there are the various arrangements on the left and the right, each with its (proper) officer to look after it. |
| | 曲礼上: |
父之雠，弗与共戴天。兄弟之雠不反兵。交游之雠不同国。 |
| Qu Li I: |
With the enemy who has slain his father, one should not live under the same heaven. With the enemy who has slain his brother, one should never have his sword to seek (to deal vengeance). With the enemy who has slain his intimate friend, one should not live in the same state (without seeking to slay him). |
| | 曲礼上: |
四郊多垒，此卿大夫之辱也。地广大，荒而不治，此亦士之辱也。 |
| Qu Li I: |
Many ramparts in the country round and near (a capital) are a disgrace to its high ministers and great officers. Where the wide and open country is greatly neglected and uncultivated, it is a disgrace to the officers (in charge of it). |
| | 曲礼上: |
临祭不惰。祭服敝则焚之，祭器敝则埋之，龟策敝则埋之，牲死则埋之。凡祭于公者，必自彻其俎。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When taking part in a sacrifice, one should not show indifference. When sacrificial robes are worn out, they should be burnt: sacrificial vessels in the same condition should be buried, as should the tortoise-shell and divining stalks, and a victim that has died. All who take part with the ruler in a sacrifice must themselves remove the stands (of their offerings). |
| | 曲礼上: |
卒哭乃讳。礼，不讳嫌名。二名不偏讳。逮事父母，则讳王父母；不逮事父母，则不讳王父母。君所无私讳，大夫之所有公讳。《》、《》不讳，临文不讳。庙中不讳。夫人之讳，虽质君之前，臣不讳也；妇讳不出门。大功小功不讳。入竟而问禁，入国而问俗，入门而问讳。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When the ceremony of wailing is over, a son should no longer speak of his deceased father by his name. The rules do not require the avoiding of names merely similar in sound to those not to be spoken. When (a parent had) a double name, the avoiding of either term (used singly) is not required. While his parents (are alive), and a son is able to serve them, he should not utter the names of his grandparents; when he can no longer serve his parents (through their death), he need not avoid the names of his grandparents. Names that would not be spoken (in his own family) need not be avoided (by a great officer) before his ruler; in the great officer's, however, the names proper to be suppressed by the ruler should not be spoken. In (reading) the books of poetry and history, there need be no avoiding of names, nor in writing compositions. In the ancestral temple there is no such avoiding. Even in his presence, a minister need not avoid the names improper to be spoken by the ruler's wife. The names to be avoided by a wife need not be unspoken outside the door of the harem. The names of parties for whom mourning is worn (only) nine months or five months are not avoided. When one is crossing the boundaries (of a state), he should ask what are its prohibitory laws; when he has fairly entered it, he should ask about its customs; before entering the door (of a house), he should ask about the names to be avoided in it. |
| | 曲礼上: |
外事以刚日，内事以柔日。凡卜筮日：旬之外曰远某日，旬之内曰近某日。丧事先远日，吉事先近日。曰：“为日，假尔泰龟有常，假尔泰筮有常。”卜筮不过三，卜筮不相袭。龟为卜，策为筮，卜筮者，先圣王之所以使民信时日、敬鬼神、畏法令也；所以使民决嫌疑、定犹与也。故曰：“疑而筮之，则弗非也；日而行事，则必践之。” |
| Qu Li I: |
External undertakings should be commenced on the odd days, and internal on the even. In all cases of divining about a day, whether by the tortoise-shell or the stalks, if it be beyond the decade, it is said, 'on such and such a distant day,' and if within the decade, 'on such and such a near day.' For matters of mourning a distant day is preferred; for festive matters a near day. It is said, 'For the day we depend on thee, O great Tortoise-shell, which dost give the regular indications; we depend on you, O great Divining Stalks, which give the regular indications.' Divination by the shell or the stalks should not go beyond three times. The shell and the stalks should not be both used on the same subject. Divination by the shell is called bu; by the stalks, shi. The two were the methods by which the ancient sage kings made the people believe in seasons and days, revere spiritual beings, stand in awe of their laws and orders; the methods (also) by which they made them determine their perplexities and settle their misgivings. Hence it is said, 'If you doubted, and have consulted the stalks, you need not (any longer) think that you will do wrong. If the day (be clearly indicated), boldly do on it (what you desire to do).' |
| | 曲礼上: |
君车将驾，则仆执策立于马前。已驾，仆展軨、效驾，奋衣由右上取贰绥，跪乘，执策分辔，驱之五步而立。君出就车，则仆并辔授绥。左右攘辟，车驱而驺。至于大门，君抚仆之手而顾，命车右就车；门闾沟渠，必步。 |
| Qu Li I: |
When the ruler's carriage is about to have the horses put to it, the driver should stand before them, whip in hand. When they are yoked, he will inspect the linch pin, and report that the carriage is ready. (Coming out again), he should shake the dust from his clothes, and mount on the right side, taking hold of the second strap he should (then) kneel in the carriage. Holding his whip, and taking the reins separately, he will drive the horses on five paces, and then stop. When the ruler comes out and approaches the carriage, the driver should take all the reins in one hand, and (with the other) hand the strap to him. The attendants should then retire out of the way. They should follow quickly as the carriage drives on. When it reaches the great gate, the ruler will lay his hand on that of the driver (that he may drive gently), and, looking round, will order the warrior for the seat on the right to come into the carriage. In passing through the gates (of a city) or village, and crossing the water-channels, the pace must be reduced to a walk. |
| | 曲礼上: |
凡仆人之礼，必授人绥。若仆者降等，则受；不然，则否。若仆者降等，则抚仆之手；不然，则自下拘之。客车不入大门。妇人不立乘。犬马不上于堂。 |
| Qu Li I: |
In all cases it is the rule for the driver to hand the strap (to the person about to mount the carriage). If the driver be of lower rank (than himself) that other receives it. If this be not the case, he should not do so. If the driver be of the lower rank, the other should (still) lay his own hand on his (as if to stop him). If this be not the case (and the driver will insist on handing it), the other should take hold of the strap below (the driver's hand). A guest's carriage does not enter the great gate; a woman does not stand up in her carriage; dogs and horses are not taken up to the hall. |
| | 曲礼上: |
故君子式黄发，下卿位，入国不驰，入里必式。君命召，虽贱人，大夫士必自御之。介者不拜，为其拜而蓌拜。祥车旷左，乘君之乘车不敢旷左；左必式。仆御、妇人则进左手，后右手；御国君，则进右手、后左手而俯。 |
| Qu Li I: |
Hence, the ruler bows forward to his cross-board to (an old man of) yellow hair; he dismounts (and walks on foot) past the places of his high nobles (in the audience court). He does not gallop the horses of his carriage in the capital; and should bow forward on entering a village. When called by the ruler's order, though through a man of low rank, a great officer, or (other) officer, must meet him in person. A man in armour does not bow, he makes an obeisance indeed, but it is a restrained obeisance. When the carriage of a deceased ruler is following at his interment, the place on the left should be vacant. When (any of his ministers on other occasions) are riding in (any of) the ruler's carriages, they do not presume to leave the seat on the left vacant, but he who occupies it should bend forward to the cross-board. A charioteer driving a woman should keep his left hand advanced (with the reins in it), and his right hand behind him. When driving the ruler of a state, (the charioteer) should have his right hand advanced, with the left kept behind and the head bent down. |
| | 曲礼上: |
国君不乘奇车。车上不广咳，不妄指。立视五巂，式视马尾，顾不过毂。国中以策彗恤勿驱。尘不出轨。国君下齐牛，式宗庙。大夫士下公门，式路马。乘路马，必朝服载鞭策，不敢授绥，左必式。步路马，必中道。以足蹙路马刍，有诛。齿路马，有诛。 |
| Qu Li I: |
The ruler of a state should not ride in a one-wheeled carriage. In his carriage one should not cough loudly, nor point with his hand in an irregular way. Standing (in his carriage) one should look (forward only) to the distance of five revolutions of the wheels. Bending forward, he should (do so only till he) sees the tails of the horses. He should not turn his head round beyond the (line of the) naves. In the (streets of the) capital one should touch the horses gently with the brush-end of the switch. He should not urge them to their speed. The dust should not fly beyond the ruts. The ruler of a state should bend towards the cross-board when he meets a sacrificial victim, and dismount (in passing) the ancestral temple. A great officer or (other) officer should descend (when he comes to) the ruler's gate, and bend forward to the ruler's horses. (A minister) riding in one of the ruler's carriages must wear his court robes. He should have the whip in the carriage with him, (but not use it). He should not presume to have the strap handed to him. In his place on the left, he should bow forward to the cross-board. (An officer) walking the ruler's horses should do so in the middle of the road. It he trample on their forage, he should be punished, and also if he look at their teeth, (and go on to calculate their age). |
| | 曲礼下: |
凡奉者当心，提者当带。执天子之器则上衡，国君则平衡，大夫则绥之，士则提之。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When a thing is carried with both hands, it should be held on a level with the heart; when with one hand, on a level with the girdle. An article belonging to the son of Heaven should be held higher than the heart; one belonging to a ruler of a state, on a level with it; one belonging to a Great officer, lower than it; and one belonging to an (inferior) officer should be carried lower still. |
| | 曲礼下: |
凡执主器，执轻如不克。执主器，操币圭璧，则尚左手，行不举足，车轮曳踵。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When one is holding an article belonging to his lord, though it may be light, he should seem unable to sustain it. In the case of a piece of silk, or a rank-symbol of jade, square or round, he should keep his left hand over it. He should not lift his feet in walking, but trail his heels like the wheels of a carriage. |
| | 曲礼下: |
立则磬折垂佩。主佩倚，则臣佩垂。主佩垂，则臣佩委。执玉，其有藉者则裼；无藉者则袭。 |
| Qu Li II: |
(A minister) should stand (with his back) curved in the manner of a sounding-stone, and his girdle-pendants hanging down. Where his lord has his pendants hanging at his side, his should be hanging down in front; where his lord has them hanging in front, his should descend to the ground. When one is holding any symbol of jade (to present it), if it be on a mat, he leaves it so exposed; if there be no mat, he covers it with (the sleeve of) his outer robe. |
| | 曲礼下: |
国君不名卿老世妇，大夫不名世臣侄娣，士不名家相长妾。君大夫之子，不敢自称曰“余小子”；大夫士之子，不敢自称曰“嗣子某”，不敢与世子同名。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The ruler of a state should not call by their names his highest ministers, nor the two noble ladies of her surname, who accompanied his wife to the harem. A Great officer should not call in that way an officer who had been employed by his father, nor the niece and younger sister of his wife (members of his harem). (Another) officer should not call by name the steward of his family, nor his principal concubine. The son of a Great officer (of the king, himself equal to) a ruler, should not presume to speak of himself as 'I, the little son. The son of a Great officer or (other) officer (of a state) should not presume to speak of himself as 'I, the inheriting son, so-and-so.' They should not so presume to speak of themselves as their heir-sons do. |
| | 曲礼下: |
君使士射，不能，则辞以疾；言曰：“某有负薪之忧。” |
| Qu Li II: |
When his ruler wishes an officer to take a place at an archery (meeting), and he is unable to do so, he should decline on the ground of being, ill, and say, 'I, so-and-so, am suffering from carrying firewood.' |
| | 曲礼下: |
侍于君子，不顾望而对，非礼也。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When one, in attendance on a superior man, replies to a question without looking round to see (if any other be going to answer), this is contrary to rule. |
| | 曲礼下: |
君子行礼，不求变俗。祭祀之礼，居丧之服，哭泣之位，皆如其国之故，谨修其法而审行之。去国三世，爵禄有列于朝，出入有诏于国，若兄弟宗族犹存，则反告于宗后；去国三世，爵禄无列于朝，出入无诏于国，唯兴之日，从新国之法。 |
| Qu Li II: |
A superior man, in his practice of ceremonies (in another state), should not seek to change his (old) customs. His ceremonies in sacrifice, his dress during the period of mourning, and his positions in the wailing and weeping, will all be according to the fashions of-his former (state). He will carefully study its rules, and carry them exactly into practice. (But) if he (or his descendants) have been away from the state for three generations, and if his dignity and emoluments be (still) reckoned to him (or his representative) at the court, and his outgoings and incomings are announced to the state, and if his brothers or cousins and other members of his house be still there, he should (continue to) send back word about himself to the representative of his ancestor. (Even) after the three generations, if his dignity and emoluments be not reckoned to him in the court, and his outgoings and incomings are (no longer) announced in the state, it is only on the day of his elevation (to official rank) that he should follow the ways of his new state. |
| | 曲礼下: |
君子已孤不更名。已孤暴贵，不为父作谥。居丧，未葬，读丧礼；既葬，读祭礼；丧复常，读乐章。居丧不言乐，祭事不言凶，公庭不言妇女。 |
| Qu Li II: |
A superior man, when left an orphan, will not change his name. Nor will he in such a case, if he suddenly become noble, frame an honorary title for his father. When occupied with the duties of mourning and before the interment of (a parent), (a son) should study the ceremonies of mourning, and after the interment, those of sacrifice. When the mourning is over, let him resume his usual ways, and study the pieces of music. When occupied with the duties of mourning, one should not speak of music. When sacrificing, one should not speak of what is inauspicious. In the ruler's court, parties should not speak of wives and daughters. |
| | 曲礼下: |
振书、端书于君前，有诛。倒策侧龟于君前，有诛。龟策、几杖、席盖、重素、袗絺綌，不入公门。苞屦、扱衽、厌冠，不入公门。书方、衰、凶器，不以告，不入公门。公事不私议。 |
| Qu Li II: |
For one to have to dust his (collection of) written tablets, or adjust them before the ruler, is a punishable offence; to have the divining stalks turned upside down or the tortoiseshell turned on one side, before him, is also a punishable offence. One should not enter the ruler's gate, (carrying with him) a tortoise-shell or divining stalks, a stool or a staff, mats or (sun-)shades, or having his upper and lower garments both of white or in a single robe of fine or coarse hempen cloth. Nor should he do so in rush sandals, or with the skirts of his lower garment tucked in at his waist, or in the cap worn in the shorter periods of mourning. Nor, unless announcement of it has been made (and permission given), can one take in the square tablets with the written (lists of articles for a funeral), or the frayed sackcloth, or the coffin and its furniture. Public affairs should not be privately discussed. |
| | 曲礼下: |
君子将营宫室：宗庙为先，厩库为次，居室为后。凡家造：祭器为先，牺赋为次，养器为后。无田禄者不设祭器；有田禄者，先为祭服。君子虽贫，不粥祭器；虽寒，不衣祭服；为宫室，不斩于丘木。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When a superior man, (high in rank), is about to engage in building, the ancestral temple should have his first attention, the stables and arsenal the next, and the residences the last. In all preparations of things by (the head of) a clan, the vessels of sacrifice should have the first place; the victims supplied from his revenue, the next; and the vessels for use at meals, the last. Those who have no revenue from lands do not provide vessels for sacrifice. Those who have such revenue first prepare their sacrificial dresses. A superior man,. though poor, will not sell his vessels of sacrifice; though suffering from cold, he will not wear his sacrificial robes; in building a house, he will not cut down the trees on his grave-mounds. |
| | 曲礼下: |
大夫、士去国，祭器不逾竟。大夫寓祭器于大夫，士寓祭器于士。大夫、士去国：逾竟，为坛位乡国而哭。素衣，素裳，素冠，彻缘，鞮屦，素幂，乘髦马。不蚤鬋。不祭食，不说人以无罪；妇人不当御。三月而复服。 |
| Qu Li II: |
A Great or other officer, leaving his state, should not take his vessels of sacrifice with him across the boundary. The former will leave his vessels for the time with another Great officer, and the latter his with another officer. A Great or other officer, leaving his state, on crossing the boundary, should prepare a place for an altar, and wail there, looking in the direction of the state. He should wear his upper garment and lower, and his cap, all of white; remove his (ornamental) collar, wear shoes of untanned leather, have a covering of white (dog's-fur) for his cross-board, and leave his horses manes undressed. He should not trim his nails or beard, nor make an offering at his (spare) meals. He should not say to any one that he is not chargeable with guilt, nor have any of his women approach him. After three months he will return to his usual dress. |
| | 曲礼下: |
大夫、士见于国君，君若劳之，则还辟，再拜稽首；君若迎拜，则还辟，不敢答拜。大夫、士相见，虽贵贱不敌，主人敬客，则先拜客；客敬主人，则先拜主人。凡非吊丧、非见国君，无不答拜者。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When a Great or other officer has an interview with the ruler of the state (to whom he has been sent), if the ruler be condoling with him on the toils of his journey, he should withdraw on one side to avoid (the honour), and then bow twice with his head to the ground. If the ruler meet him (outside the gate) and bow to him, he should withdraw on one side to avoid (the honour), and not presume to return the bow. When Great or other officers are having interviews with one another, though they may not be equal in rank, if the host reverence (the greater worth of) the guest, he should first bow to him; and if the guest reverence the (greater worth of the) host, he should first bow. In all cases but visits of condolence on occasion of a death, and seeing the ruler of one's state, the parties should be sure to return the bow, each of the other. |
| | 曲礼下: |
大夫见于国君，国君拜其辱。士见于大夫，大夫拜其辱。同国始相见，主人拜其辱。君于士，不答拜也；非其臣，则答拜之。大夫于其臣，虽贱，必答拜之。男女相答拜也。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When a Great officer has an interview with the ruler of (another) state, the ruler should bow in acknowledgment of the honour (of the message he brings); when an officer has an interview with a Great officer (of that state), the latter should bow to him in the same way. When two meet for the first time in their own state, (on the return of one from some mission), the other, as host, should bow in acknowledgment (of the service). A ruler does not bow to a (simple) officer; but if it be one of a different state, he should bow to his bow. A Great officer should return the bow of any one of his officers, however mean may be his rank. Males and females do (? not) bow to one another. |
| | 曲礼下: |
国君春田不围泽；大夫不掩群，士不取麑卵。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The ruler of a state, in the spring hunting, will not surround a marshy thicket, nor will Great officers try to surprise a whole herd, nor will (other) officers take young animals or eggs. |
| | 曲礼下: |
岁凶，年谷不登，君膳不祭肺，马不食谷，驰道不除，祭事不县。大夫不食粱，士饮酒不乐。 |
| Qu Li II: |
In bad years, when the grain of the season is not coming to maturity, the ruler at his meals will not make the (usual) offering of the lungs, nor will his horses be fed on grain. His special road will not be kept clean and swept, nor when at sacrifices will his musical instruments be suspended on their stands. Great officers will not eat the large grained millet; and (other) officers will not have music (even) at their drinking. |
| | 曲礼下: |
君无故，玉不去身；大夫无故不彻县，士无故不彻琴瑟。 |
| Qu Li II: |
Without some (sad) cause, a ruler will not let the gems (pendent from his girdle) leave his person, nor a Great officer remove his music-stand, nor an (inferior) officer his lutes. |
| | 曲礼下: |
士有献于国君，他日，君问之曰：“安取彼？”再拜稽首而后对。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When an officer presents anything to the ruler of his state, and another day the ruler asks him, 'Where did you get that?' he will bow twice with his head to the ground, and afterwards reply. |
| | 曲礼下: |
大夫私行出疆，必请。反，必有献。士私行出疆，必请；反，必告。君劳之，则拜；问其行，拜而后对。国君去其国，止之曰：“奈何去社稷也！”大夫，曰：“奈何去宗庙也！”士，曰：“奈何去坟墓也！”国君死社稷，大夫死众，士死制。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When a Great officer wishes to go beyond the boundaries (of the state) on private business, he must ask leave, and on his return must present some offering. An (inferior) officer in similar circumstances, must (also) ask leave, and when he comes back, must announce his return. If the ruler condole with them on their toils, they should bow. if he ask about their journey, they should bow, and afterwards reply. When the ruler of a state (is proposing to) leave it, they should (try to) stop him, saying, 'Why are you leaving the altars of the spirits of the land and grain?' (In the similar case of) a Great officer they should say, 'Why are you leaving your ancestral temple?' In that of an (inferior) officer, they should say, 'Why are you leaving the graves (of your ancestors)?' A ruler should die for his altars; a Great officer, with the host (he commands); an inferior officer, for his charge. |
| | 曲礼下: |
君天下，曰天子。朝诸侯，分职授政任功，曰予一人。践阼临祭祀：内事曰孝王某，外事曰嗣王某。临诸侯，畛于鬼神，曰有天王某甫。崩，曰天王崩。复，曰天子复矣。告丧，曰天王登假。措之庙，立之主，曰帝。天子未除丧，曰予小子。生名之，死亦名之。 |
| Qu Li II: |
As ruling over all, under the sky, (the king) is called 'The son of Heaven.' As receiving at court the feudal princes, assigning (to all) their different offices, giving out (the laws and ordinances of) the government, and employing the services of the able, he styles himself, 'I, the one man.' When he ascends by the eastern steps, and presides at a sacrifice, if it be personal to himself and his family, his style is, 'I, so-and-so, the filial king;' if it be external to himself, 'I, so-and-so, the inheriting king.' When he visits the feudal princes, and sends to make announcement (of his presence) to the spirits (of their hills and streams), it is said, 'Here is he, so-and-so, who is king by (the grace of) Heaven.' His death is announced in the words, 'The king by (the grace of) Heaven has fallen.' In calling back (his spirit), they say, 'Return, O son of Heaven.' When announcement is made (to all the states) of the mourning for him, it is said, 'The king by (the grace of) Heaven has gone far on high.' When his place is given to him in the ancestral temple, and his spirit-tablet is set up, he is styled on it, 'the god.' The son of Heaven, while he has not left off his mourning, calls himself, 'I, the little child.' While alive, he is so styled; and if he die (during that time), he continues to be so designated. |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子有后，有夫人，有世妇，有嫔，有妻，有妾。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The son of Heaven has his queen, his helpmates, his women of family, and his ladies of honour. (These) constituted his wife and concubines. |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子建天官，先六大：曰大宰、大宗、大史、大祝、大士、大卜，典司六典。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The son of Heaven appoints the officers of Heaven's institution, the precedence among them belonging to the six grandees: the Grand-governor; the Grand-minister of the ancestral temple; the Grand-historiographer; the Grand-minister of prayers; the Grand-minister of justice; and the Grand-divine. These are the guardians and superintendents of the six departments of the statutes. |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子之五官：曰司徒、司马、司空、司士、司寇，典司五众。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The five (administrative) officers of the son of Heaven are: the minister of instruction; the minister of war; the minister of works; the minister of offices; and the minister of crime. These preside over the multitude in (each of) their five charges. |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子之六府：曰司土、司木、司水、司草、司器、司货，典司六职。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The six treasuries of the son of Heaven are under the charge of the superintendent of the land; the superintendent of the woods; the superintendent of the waters; the superintendent of the grass; the superintendent of articles of employment; and the superintendent of wares. These preside over the six departments of their charges. |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子之六工：曰土工、金工、石工、木工、兽工、草工，典制六材。五官致贡，曰享。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The six manufactures of the son of Heaven are under the care of (the superintendents of) the workers in earth; the workers in metal; the workers in stone; the workers in wood; the workers in (the skins of) animals; and the workers in twigs. These preside over the six departments of stores. When the five officers give in their contributions, they are said to 'present their offerings.' |
| | 曲礼下: |
五官之长，曰伯：是职方。其摈于天子也，曰天子之吏。天子同姓，谓之伯父；异姓，谓之伯舅。自称于诸侯，曰天子之老，于外曰公；于其国曰君。 |
| Qu Li II: |
Chief among the five officers are the presidents, to whom belong the oversight of quarters (of the kingdom). In any message from them transmitted to the son of Heaven, they are styled 'ministers of the son of Heaven.' If they are of the same surname as he, he styles them 'paternal uncles;' if of a different surname, 'maternal uncles.' To the feudal princes, they designate themselves, 'the ancients of the son of Heaven.' Outside (their own states), they are styled 'duke;' in their states, 'ruler.' |
| | 曲礼下: |
九州之长入天子之国，曰牧。天子同姓，谓之叔父；异姓，谓之叔舅；于外曰侯，于其国曰君。其在东夷、北狄、西戎、南蛮，虽大，曰子。于内自称曰不谷，于外自称曰王老。庶方小侯，入天子之国，曰某人，于外曰子，自称曰孤。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The head prince in each of the nine provinces, on entering the state of the son of Heaven, is styled 'pastor.' If he be of the same surname as himself, the son of Heaven calls him 'my paternal uncle;' if he be of a different surname, 'my maternal uncle.' Outside (his own state) he is called 'marquis'; in it, 'ruler,' The (chiefs) among (the wild tribes of) the Yi on the east, the Di on the north, the Rong on the west, and the Man on the south, however great (their territories), are called 'counts.' In his own territories each one calls himself. 'the unworthy one;' outside them, 'the king's ancient.' Any of the princelets of their various tracts, on entering the state of the son of Heaven, is styled, 'Such and such a person.' Outside it he is called 'count,' and calls himself 'the solitary.' |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子当依而立，诸侯北面而见天子，曰觐。天子当宁而立，诸公东面、诸侯西面，曰朝。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When the son of Heaven stands with his back to the screen with axe-head figures on it, and the princes present themselves before him with their faces to the north, this is called kin (the autumnal audience). When he stands at the (usual) point (of reception) between the door and the screen, and the dukes have their faces towards the east, and the feudal princes theirs towards the west, this is called Chao (the spring audience). |
| | 曲礼下: |
诸侯未及期相见曰遇，相见于却地曰会。诸侯使大夫问于诸侯曰聘，约信曰誓，莅牲曰盟。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When feudal princes see one another at a place and time not agreed on beforehand, the interview is called 'a meeting.' When they do so in some open place agreed on beforehand, it is called 'an assembly.' When one prince sends a great officer to ask about another, it is called 'a message of friendly inquiry.' When there is a binding to mutual faith, it is called 'a solemn declaration.' When they use a victim, it is called 'a covenant.' |
| | 曲礼下: |
诸侯见天子曰臣某、侯某；其与民言，自称曰寡人；其在凶服，曰适子孤。临祭祀，内事曰孝子某侯某，外事曰曾孙某侯某。死曰薨，复曰某甫复矣。既葬见天子曰类见。言谥曰类。诸侯使人使于诸侯，使者自称曰寡君之老。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When a feudal prince is about to be introduced to the son of Heaven, he is announced as 'your subject so-and-so, prince of such-and-such a state.' He speaks of himself to the people as 'the man of little virtue.' If he be in mourning (for his father), he is styled 'the rightful eldest son, an orphan;' if he be taking part at a sacrifice in his ancestral temple, 'the filial son, the prince of such-and-such a state, the prince so-and-so.' If it be another sacrifice elsewhere, the style is, 'so-and-so, prince of such-and-such a state, the distant descendant.' His death is described by the character hong (disappeared). In calling back (his spirit), they say, 'Return, sir so-and-so.' When he has been interred and (his son) is presented to the son of Heaven, the interview, (though special), is said to be 'of the same kind as the usual interviews.' The honorary title given to him is (also) said to be 'after the usual fashion.' When one prince sends a message to another, the messenger speaks of himself as 'the ancient of my poor ruler.' |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子穆穆，诸侯皇皇，大夫济济，士跄跄，庶人僬僬。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The demeanour of the son of Heaven should be characterised by majesty; of the princes, by gravity; of the Great officers, by a regulated composure; of (inferior) officers, by an easy alertness; and of the common people, by simplicity and humility. |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子之妃曰后，诸侯曰夫人，大夫曰孺人，士曰妇人，庶人曰妻。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The partner of the son of Heaven is called 'the queen;' of a feudal prince, 'the helpmate;' of a Great officer, 'the attendant;' of an (inferior) officer, 'the serving woman;' and of a common man ' 'the mate.' |
| | 曲礼下: |
公侯有夫人，有世妇，有妻，有妾。夫人自称于天子，曰老妇；自称于诸侯，曰寡小君；自称于其君，曰小童。自世妇以下，自称曰婢子。子于父母则自名也。 |
| Qu Li II: |
A duke and (one of) the feudal princes had their helpmate, and their honourable women, (which) were their mates and concubines. The helpmate called herself, before the son of Heaven, 'the aged servant;' and before the prince (of another state), 'the small and unworthy ruler.' To her own ruler she called herself 'the small maid.' From the honourable women downwards (each member of the harem) called herself 'your handmaid.' To their parents, sons and daughters called themselves by their names. |
| | 曲礼下: |
列国之大夫，入天子之国曰某士；自称曰陪臣某。于外曰子，于其国曰寡君之老。使者自称曰某。 |
| Qu Li II: |
A Great officer any of the states, entering the state of the son Heaven, was called 'the officer of such-and-such state)' and styled himself 'your subsidiary minister.' Outside (his own state), he was called 'sir;' and in that state, 'the ancient of our poor ruler.' A messenger (to any state) called himself 'so-and-so.' |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子不言出，诸侯不生名。君子不亲恶。诸侯失地，名；灭同姓，名。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The son of Heaven should not be spoken of as 'going out (of his state).' A feudal prince should not be called by his name, while alive. (When either of these things is done), it is because the superior man will not show regard for wickedness. A prince who loses his territory is named, and also one who extinguishes (another state ruled by) lords of the same surname as himself. |
| | 曲礼下: |
为人臣之礼：不显谏。三谏而不听，则逃之。子之事亲也：三谏而不听，则号泣而随之。 |
| Qu Li II: |
According to the rules of propriety for a minister, he should not remonstrate with his ruler openly. If he have thrice remonstrated and is still not listened to, he should leave (his service). In the service of his parents by a son, if he have thrice remonstrated and is still not listened to, he should follow (his remonstrance) with loud crying and tears. |
| | 曲礼下: |
君有疾，饮药，臣先尝之。亲有疾，饮药，子先尝之。医不三世，不服其药。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When a ruler is ill, and has to drink medicine, the minister first tastes it. When a parent is ill, and has to drink medicine, the son first tastes it. The physic of a doctor in whose family medicine has not been practised for three generations at least, should not be taken. |
| | 曲礼下: |
儗人必于其伦。 |
| Qu Li II: |
In comparing (different) men, we can only do so when their (circumstances and conditions) are of the same class. |
| | 曲礼下: |
问天子之年，对曰：“闻之：始服衣若干尺矣。”问国君之年：长，曰能从宗庙社稷之事矣；幼，曰未能从宗庙社稷之事也。问大夫之子：长，曰能御矣；幼，曰未能御也。问士之子：长，曰能典谒矣；幼，曰未能典谒也。问庶人之子：长，曰能负薪矣；幼，曰未能负薪也。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When one asks about the years of the son of Heaven, the reply should be: 'I have heard that he has begun to wear a robe so many feet long.' When one asks about the years of the ruler of a state, if he be grown up, the reply should be: 'He is able to attend to the services in the ancestral temple, and at the altars of the spirits of the land and grain'; and if he be still young, 'He is not yet able to attend to the services in the ancestral temple, and at the altars of the spirits of the land and grain.' To a question about the son of a Great officer, the reply, if he be grown up, should be: 'He is able to drive;' and, if he be still young, 'He is not yet able to drive.' To a question about the son of an (ordinary) officer, the reply, if he be grown up, should be: 'He can manage the conveying of a salutation or a message;' and, if he be still young, 'He cannot yet manage such a thing.' To a question about the son of a common man, the reply, if he be grown up, should be: 'He is able to carry (a bundle of) firewood;' and, if he be still young, 'He is not yet able to carry (such a bundle).' |
| | 曲礼下: |
问国君之富，数地以对，山泽之所出。问大夫之富，曰有宰食力，祭器衣服不假。问士之富，以车数对。问庶人之富，数畜以对。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When one asks about the wealth of the ruler of a state, the reply should be given by telling the extent of his territory, and the productions of its hills and lakes. To a similar question about a Great officer, it should be said, 'He has the lands allotted to him, and is supported by the labour (of his people). He needs not to borrow the vessels or dresses for his sacrificial occasions.' To the same question about an (ordinary) officer, the reply should be by giving the number of his carriages; and to one about a common man, by telling the number of the animals that he keeps. |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子祭天地，祭四方，祭山川，祭五祀，岁遍。诸侯方祀，祭山川，祭五祀，岁遍。大夫祭五祀，岁遍。士祭其先。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The son of Heaven sacrifices (or presents oblations) to Heaven and Earth; to the (spirits presiding over the) four quarters; to (the spirits of) the hills and rivers; and offers the five sacrifices of the house, all in the course of the year. The feudal princes present oblations, each to (the spirit pre-siding over) his own quarter; to (the spirits of) its hills and rivers; and offer the five sacrifices of the house,-all in the course of the year. Great officers present the oblations of the five sacrifices of the house, all in the course of the year. (Other) officers present oblations to their ancestors. |
| | 曲礼下: |
凡祭，有其废之莫敢举也，有其举之莫敢废也。非其所祭而祭之，名曰淫祀。淫祀无福。天子以牺牛，诸侯以肥牛，大夫以索牛，士以羊豕。支子不祭，祭必告于宗子。 |
| Qu Li II: |
There should be no presuming to resume any sacrifice which has been abolished (by proper authority), nor to abolish any which has been so established. A sacrifice which it is not proper to offer, and which yet is offered, is called a licentious sacrifice. A licentious sacrifice brings no blessing. The son of Heaven uses an ox of one colour, pure and unmixed; a feudal prince, a fatted ox; a Great officer, an ox selected for the occasion; an (ordinary) officer, a sheep or a pig. The son of an inferior member of the harem cannot offer the sacrifice (to his grandfather or father); if (for some reason) he have to do so, he must report it to the honoured son, (the head of the family). |
| | 曲礼下: |
凡祭宗庙之礼：牛曰一元大武，豕曰刚鬣，豚曰腯肥，羊曰柔毛，鸡曰翰音，犬曰羹献，雉曰疏趾，兔曰明视，脯曰尹祭，槁鱼曰商祭，鲜鱼曰脡祭，水曰清涤，酒曰清酌，黍曰芗合，粱曰芗萁，稷曰明粢，稻曰嘉蔬，韭曰丰本，盐曰咸鹾，玉曰嘉玉，币曰量币。 |
| Qu Li II: |
According to the rules for all sacrifices in the ancestral temple, the ox is called 'the creature with the large foot;' the pig, 'the hard bristles;' a sucking-pig, 'the fatling;' a sheep, 'the soft hair;' a cock, 'the loud voice;' a dog, 'the soup offering;' a pheasant, 'the wide toes;' a hare, 'the clear seer;' the stalks of dried flesh, 'the exactly cut oblations;' dried fish, 'the well-considered oblation;' fresh fish, 'the straight oblation.' Water is called 'the pure cleanser;' spirits, 'the clear cup;' millet, 'the fragrant mass;' the large-grained millet, 'the fragrant (grain);' the sacrificial millet, 'the bright grain;' paddy, 'the admirable vegetable;' scallions, 'the rich roots;' salt, 'the saline, briny substance;' jade, 'the admirable jade;' and silks, 'the exact silks.' |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子死曰崩，诸侯曰薨，大夫曰卒，士曰不禄，庶人曰死。在床曰尸，在棺曰柩。羽鸟曰降，四足曰渍。死寇曰兵。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The death of the son of Heaven is expressed by beng (has fallen); of a feudal prince, by hong (has crashed); of a Great officer, by Zu (has ended); of an (ordinary) officer, by Bu Lu (is now unsalaried); and of a common man, by si (has deceased). (The corpse) on the couch is called shi (the laid-out), when it is put into the coffin, that is called jiu (being in the long home). (The death of) a winged fowl is expressed by jiang (has fallen down); that of a quadruped, by zi (is disorganised). Death from an enemy in fight is called bing (is slain by the sword). |
| | 曲礼下: |
祭王父曰皇祖考，王母曰皇祖妣。父曰皇考，母曰皇妣。夫曰皇辟。生曰父、曰母、曰妻，死曰考、曰妣、曰嫔。寿考曰卒，短折曰不禄。 |
| Qu Li II: |
In sacrificing to them, a grandfather is called 'the sovereign grandfather;' a grandmother,' the sovereign grandmother;' a father, 'the sovereign father;' a mother, 'the sovereign mother; a husband, 'the sovereign pattern.' While (they are) alive, the names of father (fu), mother (mu), and wife (qi) are used; when they are dead, those of 'the completed one (kao),' 'the corresponding one (bi),' and 'the honoured one (pin).' Death in old age is called 'a finished course (zu);' an early death, 'being unsalaried (bu lu).' |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子视不上于袷，不下于带；国君，绥视；大夫，衡视；士视五步。凡视：上于面则敖，下于带则忧，倾则奸。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The son of Heaven does not look at a person above his collar or below his girdle; the ruler of a state looks at him a little lower (than the collar); a Great officer, on a line with his heart; and an ordinary officer, not from beyond a distance of five paces. In all cases looks directed above to the face denote pride, and below the girdle grief; directed askance, they denote villainy. |
| | 曲礼下: |
君命，大夫与士肄。在官言官，在府言府，在库言库，在朝言朝。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When the ruler orders (any special business) from a Great officer or (other) officer, he should assiduously discharge it; in their offices speaking (only) of the official business; in the treasury, of treasury business; in the arsenals, of arsenal business; and in the court, of court business. |
| | 曲礼下: |
朝言不及犬马。辍朝而顾，不有异事，必有异虑。故辍朝而顾，君子谓之固。在朝言礼，问礼对以礼。 |
| Qu Li II: |
At court there should be no speaking about dogs and horses. When the audience is over, and one looks about him, if he be not attracted by some strange thing, he must have strange thoughts in his mind. When one keeps looking about him after the business of the court is over, a superior man will pronounce him uncultivated. At court the conversation should be according to the rules of propriety; every question should be so proposed, and every answer so returned. |
| | 曲礼下: |
大飨不问卜，不饶富。 |
| Qu Li II: |
For great entertainments there should be no consulting the tortoise-shell, and no great display of wealth. |
| | 曲礼下: |
凡挚，天子鬯，诸侯圭，卿羔，大夫雁，士雉，庶人之挚匹；童子委挚而退。野外军中无挚，以缨，拾，矢，可也。妇人之挚，椇榛、脯修、枣栗。 |
| Qu Li II: |
By way of presents of introduction, the son of Heaven uses spirits of black millet; feudal princes, their symbols of jade; a high minister, a lamb; a Great officer, a goose; an (ordinary) officer, a pheasant; a common man, a duck. Lads should bring their article, and withdraw. In the open country, in the army, they do not use such presents; a tassel from a horse's breast, an archer's armlet, or an arrow may serve the purpose. For such presents women use the fruits of the hovenia dulcis, or of the hazel tree, strings of dried meat, jujube dates, and chestnuts. |
| | 曲礼下: |
纳女于天子，曰备百姓；于国君，曰备酒浆；于大夫，曰备扫洒。 |
| Qu Li II: |
In presenting a daughter for (the harem of) the son of Heaven it is said, 'This is to complete the providers of sons for you;' for that of the ruler of a state, 'This is to complete the providers of your spirits and sauces;' for that of a Great officer, 'This is to complete the number of those who sprinkle and sweep for you.' |
