| | 農戰: |
善為國者，倉廩雖滿，不偷於農；國大民眾，不淫於言，則民樸一。民樸一，則官爵不可巧而取也。不可巧取，則姦不生。姦不生則主不惑。 |
| Agriculture and War: |
The way to organize a country well is, even though the granaries are filled, not to be negligent in agriculture, and even though the country is large and its population numerous, to have no licence of speech. (This being so), the people will be simple and have concentration; the people being simple and having concentration, then office arid rank cannot be obtained by artfulness. If these cannot be obtained by artfulness, then wickedness will not originate; and if wickedness does not originate, the ruler will not be suspicious. |
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今境內之民及處官爵者，見朝廷之可以巧言辯說取官爵也，故官爵不可得而常也。是故進則曲主，退則慮所以實其私，然則下賣權矣。夫曲主慮私，非國利也，而為之者，以其爵祿也。下賣權，非忠臣也，而為之者，以末貨也。 |
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But now the people within the territory, and those who hold office and rank, see that it is possible to obtain, from the court, office and rank by means of artful speech and sophistry. Therefore, there is no permanency in office and rank, with the result that at court they deceive their ruler and, retiring from court, they think of nothing but of how to realize their selfish interests and thus sell power to their inferiors. Now deceiving the ruler and being concerned for their own interests is not to the advantage of the state, but those who thus act, do so for the sake of rank and emolument; selling power to inferiors is not proper for a loyal minister, but those who thus act do so for the sake of insignificant presents. |
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然則下官之冀遷者，皆曰：「多貨則上官可得而欲也。」曰：「我不以貨事上而求遷者，則如以狸餌鼠爾，必不冀矣。若以情事上而求遷者，則如引諸絕繩而求乘枉木也，愈不冀矣。之二者不可以得遷，則我焉得無下動眾取貨以事上，而以求遷乎！」 |
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Consequently all the lower officials, who hope for promotion, say: 'If we send many presents, we may obtain the higher office which we desire.' They say too: 'To strive for promotion, without serving superiors with presents, is like setting a cat as bait for a rat - it is absolutely hopeless. To strive for promotion by serving superiors with sincerity is like wishing to climb a crooked tree by holding on to a broken rope - it is even more hopeless. If, to attain promotion, these two methods are out of the question, what else can we do, in striving for it, but bring the masses below us into action and obtain presents, for the purpose of serving our superiors? |
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百姓曰：「我疾農，先實公倉，收餘以事親，為上忘生而戰，以尊主安國也；倉虛，主卑，家貧，然則不如索官！」親戚交游合，則更慮矣。豪傑務學詩書，隨從外權；要靡事商賈，為技藝：皆以避農戰。民以此為教，則粟焉得無少，而兵焉得無弱也！ |
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The people say: We till diligently, first to fill the public granaries, and then to keep the rest for the nourishment of our parents; for the sake of our superiors we forget our love of life, and fight for the honour of the ruler and for the peace of the country. But if the granaries are empty, the ruler debased and the family poor, then it is best to seek office. Let us then combine relatives and friends and think of other plans. Eminent men will apply themselves to the study of the Odes and History, and pursue these improper standards; insignificant individuals will occupy themselves with trade, and practise arts and crafts, all in order to avoid agriculture and war. Where the people are given to such teachings, how can the grain be anything but scarce, and the soldiers anything but weak? |
| | 農戰: |
今為國者多無要。朝廷之言治也，紛紛焉務相易也。是以其君惛於說，其官亂於言，其民惰而不農。故其境內之民，皆化而好辯樂學，事商賈，為技藝，避農戰，如此則亡國不遠矣。國有事，則學民惡法，商民善化，技藝之民不用，故其國易破也。 |
| Agriculture and War: |
But now, those who run a state for the most part overlook what is essential, and the discussions at court, on government, are confused, and efforts are made to displace each other in them; thus the prince is dazed by talk, officials confused by words, and the people become lazy and will not farm. The result is that all the people within the territory change and become fond of sophistry, take pleasure in study, pursue trade, practise arts and crafts, and shun agriculture and war; and so in this manner (the ruin of the country) will not be far off. When the country has trouble, then because studious people hate law, and merchants are clever in bartering and artisans are useless, the state will be easily destroyed. |
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夫農者寡，而遊食者眾，故其國貧危。今夫螟螣蚵蠋春生秋死，一出而民數年乏食。今一人耕，而百人食之，此其為螟螣蚼蠋亦大矣。雖有詩書，鄉一束，家一員，獨無益於治也，非所以反之之術也。故先王反之於農戰。故曰：百人農，一人居者，王；十人農，一人居者，強；半農半居者，危。 |
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Indeed, if farmers are few, and those who live idly on others are many, then the state will be poor and in a dangerous condition. Now, for example, if various kinds of caterpillars, which are born in spring and die in autumn, appear only once, the result is that the people have no food for many years. Now, if one man tills and a hundred live on him, it means that they are like a great visitation of caterpillars. Though there may be a bundle of the Odes and History in every hamlet and a copy in every family, yet it is useless for good government, and it is not a method whereby this condition of things may be reversed. Therefore the ancient kings made people turn back to agriculture and war. For this reason is it said: 'Where a hundred men farm and one is idle, the state will attain supremacy; where ten men farm and one is idle, the state will be strong; where half farms and half is idle, the state will be in peril. |
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故治國者欲民之農也。國不農，則與諸侯爭權不能自持也，則眾力不足也。故諸侯撓其弱，乘其衰，土地侵削而不振，則無及已。聖人知治國之要，故令民歸心於農。歸心於農，則民樸而可正也。紛紛，則不易使也；信，可以守戰也。壹，則少詐而重居；壹，則可以賞罰進也；壹，則可以外用也。 |
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That is why those who govern the country well, wish the people to take to agriculture. If the country does not take to agriculture, then in its quarrels over authority with the various feudal lords, it will not be able to maintain itself, because the strength of the multitude will not be sufficient. Therefore the feudal lords vex its weakness and make use of its state of decadence; and if the territory is invaded and dismembered, without the country being stirred to action, it will be past saving. A sage knows what is essential in administrating a country, and so he induces the people to devote their attention to agriculture. If their attention is devoted to agriculture, then they will be simple, and being simple, they may be made correct. Being perplexed, it will be easy to direct them; being trustworthy, they may be used for defence and warfare. Being single-minded, opportunities of deceit will be few, and they will attach importance to their homes. Being single-minded, their careers may be made dependent on rewards and penalties; being single-minded, they may be used abroad. |
| | 農戰: |
今世主皆憂其國之危而兵之弱也，而強聽說者。說者成伍，煩言飾辭，而無實用。主好其辯，不求其實。說者得意，道路曲辯，輩輩成群。民見其可以取王公大人也，而皆學之。夫人聚黨與說議於國，紛紛焉小民樂之，大人說之。故其民農者寡，而游食者眾；眾則農者怠，農者怠則土地荒。學者成俗，則民舍農，從事於談說，高言偽議，舍農游食，而以言相高也。故民離上而不臣者，成群。此貧國弱兵之教也。夫國庸民以言，則民不畜於農。故惟明君知好言之不可以強兵闢土也。惟聖人之治國，作壹，摶之於農而已矣。 |
| Agriculture and War: |
Nowadays, the rulers of the world are all anxious over the perilous condition of their countries and the weakness of their armies, and they listen at all costs to the professional talkers: but though these may form battalions, talk profusely and employ beautiful expressions, it is of no practical use. When a ruler loves their sophistry and does not seek for their practical value, then the professional talkers have it all their own way, expound their crooked sophistries in the streets, their various groups become great crowds, and the people, seeing that they succeed in captivating kings, dukes and great men, all imitate them. Now, if men form parties, the arguments and dissensions in the country will be of confusing diversity; the lower classes will be amused and the great men will enjoy it, with the result that amongst such a people farmers will be few and those who, in idleness, live on others will be many. These latter being numerous, farmers will be in a perilous position, and this being so, land will be left lying fallow. If study becomes popular, people will abandon agriculture and occupy themselves with debates, high-sounding words and discussions on false premises; abandoning agriculture, they will live on others in idleness, and seek to surpass one another with words. Thus the people will become estranged from the ruler, and there will be crowds of disloyal subjects. This is a doctrine which leads to the impoverishment of the state and to the weakening of the army. Indeed, if a country employs people for their talking, then the people will not be nurtured in agriculture; so it is only an intelligent prince who understands that by fondness for words one cannot strengthen the army nor open up the land. Only when a sage rules the country will he strive for singleness of purpose and for the consolidation of the people in agriculture, and for that alone. |
| | 去強: |
舉民眾口數，生者著，死者削。民不逃粟，野無荒草，則國富，國富者強。以刑去刑，國治；以刑致刑，國亂。故曰：行刑重輕，刑去事成，國強；重重而輕輕，刑至事生，國削。刑生力，力生強，強生威，威生惠，惠生於力。舉力以成勇戰，戰以成知謀。 |
| Elimination of Strength:...: |
If the whole population is registered at birth and erased at death, there would be no people who would escape agriculture, and in the fields there would be no fallow land. Thus the country would be rich, and being rich it would be strong. If penalties are removed by means of penalties, the country will enjoy order, but if penalties are set up by means of penalties, the country will be in disorder. Therefore is it said: 'In applying penalties, punish heavily the light offences.' If punishments are abolished, affairs will succeed and the country will be strong. But if heavy offences are punished heavily and light offences lightly, penalties will appear, trouble will arise and such a state will be dismembered. Punishment produces force, force produces strength, strength produces awe, awe produces kindness. Kindness has its origin in force. |
| | 去強: |
金生而粟死，粟生而金死。本物賤，事者眾，買者少，農困而姦勸；其兵弱，國必削至亡。金一兩生於境內，粟十二石死於境外。粟十二石生於境內，金一兩死於境外。國好生金於境內，則金粟兩死，倉府兩虛，國弱。國好生粟於境內，則金粟兩生，倉府兩實，國強。 |
| Elimination of Strength:...: |
The appearance of gold means the disappearance of grain, and the appearance of grain means the disappearance of gold. If products are cheap - those who occupy themselves with agriculture being many, and buyers being few - farmers will be in hard straits and wickedness will be encouraged, so that the army will be weak and the state will certainly be dismembered and come to extinction. For every ounce of gold appearing within its borders, twelve piculs of grain will disappear abroad; but for every twelve piculs of grain appearing within its borders, one ounce of gold will disappear abroad. If a country favours the appearance of gold within its borders, then gold and grain will both disappear, granary and treasury will both be empty, and the state will be weak. But if a country favours the appearance of grain within its borders, then gold and grain will both appear, granary and treasury will both be filled, and the state will be strong. |
| | 去強: |
強國知十三數：境內倉口之數，壯男壯女之數，老弱之數，官士之數，以言說取食者之數，利民之數，馬牛芻藁之數。欲強國，不知國十三數，地雖利，民雖眾，國愈弱至削。 |
| Elimination of Strength:...: |
A strong country knows thirteen figures: the number of granaries within its borders, the number of able-bodied men and of women, the number of old and of weak people, the number of officials and of officers, the number of those making a livelihood by talking, the number of useful people, the number of horses and of oxen, the quantity of fodder and of straw. If he who wishes to make his country strong, does not know these thirteen figures, though his geographical position may be favourable and the population numerous, his state will become weaker and weaker, until it is dismembered. |
| | 算地: |
凡世主之患，用兵者不量力，治草萊者不度地。故有地狹而民眾者，民勝其地；地廣而民少者，地勝其民。民勝其地者，務開；地勝其民者，事徠。開則行倍。民過地，則國功寡而兵力少；地過民，則山澤財物不為用。夫棄天物，遂民淫者，世主之務過也，而上下事之，故民眾而兵弱，地大而力小。 |
| Calculation of Land: |
The disasters of the rulers of the world, generally, come from their not measuring their strength in the use of armies, and from their not measuring their territory in managing the grass-fields and uncultivated lands. Therefore, sometimes the territory is narrow and the population numerous, so that the population exceeds the territory; or sometimes the territory is extensive, but the population sparse, so that the territory exceeds the population. If the population exceeds the territory, then one should pay attention to opening up new land; if the territory exceeds the population, then one should set about calling in colonists. By opening up new land, one effects increase. If the population exceeds the territory, then the achievements of the state will be few and the military strength small; if the territory exceeds the population, then the resources of mountains and moors will not be utilized. Now, to neglect natural resources and to pander to the people's dissipations is to fail in one's duty as a ruler, and when high and low act thus, then in spite of a large population, the army will be weak, and in spite of a big territory, its strength will be small. |
| | 算地: |
今世主有地方數千里，食不足以待役實倉，而兵為鄰敵臣，故為世主患之。夫地大而不墾者，與無地者同；民眾而不用者，與無民者同。 |
| Calculation of Land: |
But nowadays, although the rulers of the world have territory of several thousand square li, the produce is not sufficient to support the soldiers and to fill the granaries, and the army is equalled by the neighbours. I regret this state of affairs, therefore, on behalf of the ruler. Indeed, having a large territory and not cultivating it is like having no territory; having a numerous population, but not employing it, is like having no population. |
