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《墨家 - Mohism》 | Related resources |
《墨子 - Mozi》 | [Spring and Autumn - Warring States] 490 BC-221 BC English translation: W. P. Mei [?] | Books referencing 《墨子》 Library Resources Introduction Source Related resources |
《卷一 - Book 1》 | English translation: W. P. Mei [?] | Library Resources |
《七患 - The seven causes of anxiety》 | English translation: W. P. Mei [?] | Library Resources |
| 5 | 七患: | 故曰：以其極賞，以賜無功，虛其府庫，以備車馬、衣裘、奇怪，苦其役徒，以治宮室觀樂；死又厚為棺槨，多為衣裘。生時治臺榭，死又脩墳墓。故民苦於外，府庫單於內，上不厭其樂，下不堪其苦。故國離寇敵則傷，民見凶饑則亡，此皆備不具之罪也。且夫食者，聖人之所寶也。故《周書》曰：「國無三年之食者，國非其國也；家無三年之食者，子非其子也。」此之謂國備。 |
| The seven causes of...: | (The present rulers) squander great amounts of wealth to reward the undeserving, empty the treasury to acquire carriages and horses, exhaust the labourers to build palaces and furnish amusements. Upon their death, again, thick coffins and many coats and fur coats are to be furnished. Porches and pavilions are built for them while they are living. and tombs when they are dead. By this the people are embittered and the treasury is left lean. While the amusements are not yet satisfying to the superiors, the hardship already becomes unbearable for the subjects. Such a state will fall under any attack and such people will perish by famine. And all this is due to the absence of preparation. Moreover, food is what the sages treasured. The history of Zhou says, "Without three years' food (in store) a state cannot be a state (as it is in danger of losing its sovereignty). A family being without food in store to be sufficient for three years its children cannot be its children (who are in danger of being abandoned or sold to others)." Such, then, is the preparation of a country. |
《辭過 - Indulgence in Excess》 | English translation: W. P. Mei [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 辭過: |
子墨子曰：古之民，未知為宮 室1時，就陵阜而居，穴而處，下潤濕傷民，故聖王作為宮室。為宮室之法，曰： 室2高足以辟潤濕，邊足以圉風寒，上足以待雪霜雨露，宮牆之高，足以別男女之禮，謹此則止。費 凡3財勞力，不加利者，不為也。 役，脩其城郭，則民勞而不傷；以其常正，收其租稅，則民費而不病。民所苦者非此也，苦於厚作斂於百姓。4是故聖王作為宮室，便於生，不以為觀樂也。作為衣服帶履，便於身，不以為辟怪也，故節於身，誨於民，是以天下之民可得而治，財用可得而足。 |
| Indulgence in Excess:...: |
Mozi said: Primitive people, before the art of building houses and palaces was known, lingered by the mounds and lived in caves. It was damp and injurious to health. Thereupon the sage-kings built houses and palaces. The guiding principles for these buildings were these: The house shall be built high enough to avoid the damp and moisture; the walls thick enough to keep out the wind and cold; the roof strong enough to stand snow, frost, rain, and dew; and the walls in the palace high enough to observe the propriety of the sexes. These are sufficient, and any expenditure of money and energy that does not bring additional utility shall not be permitted. When the city walls are repaired with regular labour, the people may feel tired but there is no exhaustion. When taxes are collected according to custom, the people may be deprived of some money but there is no bitterness. The real woe of the people does not lie here, it lies in heavy taxes. The sage-kings built houses and palaces in order to better the living conditions and not for pleasures of sight. They made clothes and hats, belts and shoes in order to protect the body and not for novelty. They were thrifty themselves and taught the people to be the same. And so, the people in the whole world became orderly and wealth was sufficient for use. 1. 室 : Inserted. 孫詒讓《墨子閒詁》 | |
| 3 | 辭過: |
古之民，未知為衣服時，衣皮帶茭，冬則不輕而溫，夏則不輕而凊。聖王以為不中人之情，故作誨婦人治 役，脩其城郭，則民勞而不傷；以其常正，收其租稅，則民費而不病。民所苦者非此也，苦於厚作斂於百姓。1絲麻，梱布絹，以為民衣。為衣服之法：冬則練帛之中，足以為輕且 煖；夏則絺綌之中，足以為輕且2凊，謹此則止。故聖人 之3為衣服，適身體和肌膚而足矣。非榮耳目而觀愚民也。當是之時，堅車良馬不知貴也，刻鏤文采，不知喜也。何則？其所道之然。故民衣食之財，家足以待旱水凶饑者，何也？得其所以自養之情，而不感於外也。是以其民儉而易治，其君用財節而易贍也。府庫實滿，足以待不然。兵革不頓，士民不勞，足以征不服。故霸王之業，可行於天下矣。 |
| Indulgence in Excess:...: |
Before clothing was known the primitive people wore coats of furs and belts of straw. They were neither light and warm in winter nor light and cool in summer. The sage-king thought this did not satisfy the needs of man. So, he taught the women to produce silk and flax and to weave cloth and linen, therewith to make clothing for the people. The guiding principles for clothing were these: In winter the underwear shall be made of spun-silk so as to be light and warm. In summer it shall be made of coarse flax so as to be light and cool. And this is sufficient. Therefore the sages made their clothes just to fit their stature and size, and not for the purpose of pleasing the senses or to dazzle the common people. In that age, durable carts and gentle horses were not valued, neither were sculpture and adornments prized. What is the reason for this? The reason lies in the kind of leadership. The people had sufficient means of livelihood in their home to meet either drought or flood, dearth or famine. Why? Because they understood the needs of self-support and paid little attention to external appearance. So, the people were frugal and orderly and the ruler was thrifty and easily supported. The store house and treasury were full, prepared against misfortunes. Armour and weapons were not left in disuse and the soldiers and the people were not tired, ready to punish the unsubmissive. Thus the ruler could become a tyrant over the empire. 1. 役，脩其城郭，則民勞而不傷；以其常正，收其租稅，則民費而不病。民所苦者非此也，苦於厚作斂於百姓。 : Moved to entry 1. 孫詒讓《墨子閒詁》 | |
| 4 | 辭過: |
當今之主，其為衣服則與此異矣，冬則輕煗，夏則輕凊，皆已具矣。必厚作斂於百姓，暴奪民衣食之財，以為錦繡文采靡曼之衣，鑄金以為鉤，珠玉以為珮，女工作文采，男工作刻鏤，以 為1身服，此非云益煗之情也。單財勞力，畢歸之於無用 也2，以此觀之，其為衣服非為身體，皆為觀好，是以其民淫僻而難治，其君奢侈而難諫也。夫以奢侈之君，御妤淫僻之民，欲國無亂，不可得也。君實欲天下之治而惡其亂，當為衣服不可不節。 |
| Indulgence in Excess:...: |
The present rulers are quite different from this when they make their clothes. Having what is warm and light in winter and what is light and cool in summer, they would yet heavily tax the people, robbing them of their means of livelihood, in order to have elaborately embroidered and gorgeous garments. Hooks are made of gold and ornaments on the girdle consist of pearls and jades. Women are employed to make the embroidery and men to do the carving. All these are for the adornment of the body. They really add little to its warmth. Wealth is squandered and energy wasted all for naught. So, then, when clothing is made not for the body but for brilliant appearance, the people will be wicked and unruly and the ruler extravagant and deaf to good counsel. It will be impossible to keep the country out of disorder. If the rulers sincerely desire the empire to have order and hate to see it in disorder, they must not indulge in making clothing excessively. 1. 為 : Inserted. 孫詒讓《墨子閒詁》 |
《三辯 - Threefold Argument》 | English translation: W. P. Mei [?] | Library Resources |
| 2 | 三辯: |
子墨子曰：「昔者堯舜有茅茨者，且以為禮，且以為樂。湯放桀於大水，環天下自立以為王，事成功立，無大後患， 因先王之樂，又1自作樂，命曰 《護》，又脩2《九招》。武王勝殷殺紂，環天下自立以為王，事成功立，無大後患，因先王之樂，又自作樂，命曰《象》。周成王因先王3之樂， 又自作樂，4命曰《騶虞》。周成王之治天下也，不若武王。武王之治天下也，不若成湯。成湯之治天下也，不若堯舜。故其樂逾繁者，其治逾寡。自此觀之，樂非所以治天下也。」 |
| Threefold Argument: |
Mozi replied: In ancient times, Yao and Shun lived in huts and yet they made codes of propriety and composed music. Tang sent Jie to exile on the ocean and installed himself ruler of the empire. Having achieved success and without cause for anxiety, he added to the music of the former kings that of his own composition, called "The Salvation" and also instituted the "Jiuzhao." King Wu conquered the Yin dynasty and executed Zhou and installed himself ruler of the empire. Having achieved success and having no cause of anxiety, he added to the music of the former kings that of his own composition, called "Xiang." King Cheng of Zhou again added to the music of the former kings that of his own composition, named "Zouyu." The reign of King Cheng was not so good as that of King Wu, that of King Wu was not so good as that of Tang the Successful, and that of Tang the Successful was not so good as that of Yao and Shun. So, then, he who has the more elaborate music has the less efficient government. Judging from this, music is not anything to govern the empire with. 1. 因先王之樂，又 : Inserted. 孫詒讓《墨子閒詁》 |
《卷四 - Book 4》 | Library Resources |
《兼愛下 - Universal Love III》 | English translation: W. P. Mei [?] | Library Resources |
| 10 | 兼愛下: | 然而天下之非兼者之言，猶未止，曰：「意不忠親之利，而害為孝乎？」子墨子曰：「姑嘗本原之孝子之為親度者。吾不識孝子之為親度者，亦欲人愛利其親與？意欲人之惡賊其親與？以說觀之，即欲人之愛利其親也。然即吾惡先從事即得此？若我先從事乎愛利人之親，然後人報我愛利吾親乎？意我先從事乎惡人之親，然後人報我以愛利吾親乎？即必吾先從事乎愛利人之親，然後人報我以愛利吾親也。然即之交孝子者，果不得已乎，毋先從事愛利人之親者與？意以天下之孝子為遇而不足以為正乎？姑嘗本原之先王之所書，《大雅》之所道曰：『無言而不讎，無德而不報』『投我以桃，報之以李。』即此言愛人者必見愛也，而惡人者必見惡也。不識天下之士，所以皆聞兼而非之者，其故何也？ |
| Universal Love III: | Yet the objection is still not exhausted. It raises the question, when one does not think in terms of benefits and harm to one's parents would it be filial piety? Mozi replied: Now let us inquire about the plans of the filial sons for their parents. I may ask, when they plan for their parents, whether they desire to have others love or hate them? Judging from the whole doctrine (of filial piety), it is certain that they desire to have others love their parents. Now, what should I do first in order to attain this? Should I first love others' parents in order that they would love my parents in return, or should I first hate others' parents in order that they would love my parents in return? Of course I should first love others' parents in order that they would love my parents in return. Hence those who desire to be filial to one another's parents, if they have to choose (between whether they should love or hate others' parents), had best first love and benefit others' parents. Would any one suspect that all the filial sons are stupid and incorrigible (in loving their own parents)? We may again inquire about it. It is said in the "Da Ya" among the books of the ancient kings: "No idea is not given its due value; no virtue is not rewarded. When a peach is thrown to us, we would return with a prune." This is to say whoever loves others will be loved and whoever hates others will be hated. It is then quite incomprehensible why people should object to universal love when they hear it. |
《卷五 - Book 5》 | Library Resources |
《非攻下 - Condemnation of Offensive War III》 | English translation: W. P. Mei [?] | Library Resources |
| 3 | 非攻下: | 今夫師者之相為不利者也，曰：將不勇，士不分，兵不利，教不習，師不眾，率不利和，威不圉，害之不久，爭之不疾，孫之不強。植心不堅，與國諸侯疑，與國諸侯疑，則敵生慮，而意羸矣。偏具此物，而致從事焉，則是國家失卒，而百姓易務也。今不嘗觀其說好攻伐之國？若使中興師，君子庶人也，必且數千，徒倍十萬，然後足以師而動矣。久者數歲，速者數月，是上不暇聽治，士不暇治其官府，農夫不暇稼穡，婦人不暇紡績織紝，則是國家失卒，而百姓易務也，然而又與其車馬之罷弊也，幔幕帷蓋，三軍之用，甲兵之備，五分而得其一，則猶為序疏矣。然而又與其散亡道路，道路遼遠，糧食下繼傺，食飲之時，廁役以此飢寒凍餒疾病，而轉死溝壑中者，不可勝計也。此其為不利於人也，天下之害厚矣。而王公大人，樂而行之。則此樂賊滅天下之萬民也，豈不悖哉！今天下好戰之國，齊、晉、楚、越，若使此四國者得意於天下，此皆十倍其國之眾，而未能食其地也。是人不足而地有餘也。今又以爭地之故，而反相賊也，然則是虧不足，而重有餘也」。 |
| Condemnation of Offensive War...: | Now that the armies are intended for mutual destruction, it is evident: If the general be not courageous, if soldiers be not brave, if weapons be not sharp, if drills be not frequent, if the force be not large, if generals be not harmonious, if power be not august, if a siege be not enduring, if an assault be not speedy, if people be not strongly bound together, if determination be not firm - if this be so, the (other) feudal lords will suspect. When feudal lords entertain suspicion, enemies will be stirred up and cause anxiety, and the morale will be weakened. On the other hand, if every preparation is in good shape and the state goes out to engage in war, then the state will lose its men and the people will neglect their vocations. Have we not heard it said that, when a warring state goes on an expedition, of the officers there must be several hundred, of the common people there must be several thousand, and of the soldiers and prisoners there must be ten thousand, before the army can set out? It may last for several years, or, at the shortest, several months. So, the superior will have no time to attend to government, the officials will have no time to attend to their offices, the farmers will have no time to sow or reap, the women will have no time to weave or spin: that is, the state will lose its men and the people will neglect their vocations. Besides, the chariots will break and horses will be exhausted. As to tents, army supplies, and soldiers' equipment - if one-fifth of these can remain (after the war) it would already be beyond expectation. Moreover, innumerable men will be missing and lost on the way, and will become sick from the long distances, meagre rations, hunger and cold, and die in the ditches. Now the calamity to the people and the world is tremendous. Yet the rulers enjoy doing it. This means they enjoy injuring and exterminating the people; is this not perversity? The most warring states in the empire to-day are Qi, Jin, Chu, and Yue. These four states are all successful in the world. Even if their people be increased tenfold, still they could not consume all that their land could produce. That is, they are in need of men while they have a surplus of land. Still they strove against each other to possess more land. This is to neglect what is needed and to value what is already in plenty. | |
| 4 | 非攻下: |
今遝夫好攻伐之君，又飾其說以非子墨子曰：「以攻伐之為不義，非利物與？昔者禹征有苗，湯伐桀，武王伐紂，此皆立為聖王，是何故也？」子墨子曰：「子未察吾言之類，未明其故者也。彼非所謂攻，謂誅也。昔者三苗大亂，天命殛之，日妖宵出，雨血三朝，龍生於廟，犬哭乎巿，夏冰，地坼及泉，五穀變化，民乃大振。高陽乃命玄宮，禹親把天之瑞令以征有苗，四電誘袛，有神人面鳥身，若瑾以侍，搤矢有苗之祥，苗師大亂，後乃遂幾。禹既已克有三苗，焉磨為山川，別物上下，卿制大極，而神民不違，天下乃靜。則此禹之所以征有苗也。遝至乎夏王桀，天有酷命，日月不時，寒暑雜至，五穀焦死，鬼呼國，鶴鳴十夕餘。 天1乃命湯於鑣宮，用受夏之大命，夏德大亂，予既卒其命於天矣，往而誅之，必使汝堪之。湯焉敢奉率其眾，是以鄉有夏之境，帝乃使陰暴毀有夏之城。少少有神來告曰：『夏德大亂，往攻之，予必使汝大堪之。予既受命於天，天命融隆火，于夏之城閒西北之隅。湯奉桀眾以克有，屬諸侯於薄，薦章天命，通于四方，而天下諸侯莫敢不賓服。則此湯之所以誅桀也。遝至乎商王紂天不序其德，祀用失時。兼夜中，十日雨土于薄，九鼎遷止，婦妖宵出，有鬼宵吟，有女為男，天雨肉，棘生乎國道，王兄自縱也。赤鳥銜珪，降周之岐社，曰：『天命周文王伐殷有國。』泰顛來賓，河出綠圖，地出乘黃。武王踐功，夢見三神 曰2：予既沈漬殷紂于酒德矣，往攻之，予必使汝大堪之』。武王乃攻狂夫，反商之周，天賜武王黃鳥之旗。王既已克殷，成帝之來，分主諸神，祀紂先王，通維四夷，而天下莫不賓，焉襲湯之緒，此即武王之所以誅紂也。若以此三聖王者觀之，則非所謂攻也，所謂誅也」。 |
| Condemnation of Offensive War...: |
The warring lords would gloss over (their conduct) with arguments to confute Mozi, saying: "Do you condemn attack and assault as unrighteous and not beneficial? But, anciently, Yu made war on the Prince of Miao, Tang on Jie, and King Wu on Zhou. Yet these are regarded as sages. What is your explanation for this?" Mozi said: You have not examined the terminology of my teaching and you do not understand its motive. What they did is not to be called "attack" but "punishment." Anciently, the three Miao tribes were in great confusion. Heaven ordered their destruction. The sun rose at night. It rained blood for three days. Dragons emerged in the temple and dogs cried in the market place. Ice came in summer and earth cracked until water gushed forth. The five grains appeared in mutation. At these, the people were greatly shocked. Gao Yang then gave command (to Yu) in the Yuan Palace. Yu held the imperial jade order in hand and set forth to conquer Miao. Amidst thunder and lightning, a god with the face of a man and the body of a bird was revealed to be waiting upon (Yu) with the gui in hand. The general of Miao was brought down by an arrow and the Miao army was set in great confusion. And the Miao tribes became less and less significant ever after. Having conquered Miao, Yu set apart the hills and rivers (by names), and ordered things into high and low. With sacrifices he set up the four bordering countries, and neither spirits nor men revolted (any more). So there was peace in the world. This was the reason why Yu made war on the Miao. When it came to King Jie of Xia, Heaven gave severe order. Sun and moon did not appear on time. Winter and summer came irregularly. The five grains were dried up to death. Ghosts called in the country, and cranes shrieked for more than ten nights. Heaven then commissioned Tang in the Biao Palace, to receive the great trust that had been given to Xia, as the conduct of Xia fell into great perversity. Only then dared Tang to lead his multitude and enter the borders of Xia. And he let the deserters of the enemy destroy the cities of Xia. Soon after, a god came and told him: "The conduct of Xia is in great confusion. Go and punish him. I will surely let you destroy him, as I have my orders from Heaven." Heaven ordered Zhuyong to send down fire on the northwestern corner of the city of Xia. Thus Tang led the men of Jie and conquered Xia. He then gave audience to the feudal lords at Bo. He revealed and made known the will of Heaven and spread it in the four directions, and none of the feudal lords in the empire dared to show disrespect. This was the reason why Tang punished Jie. When it came to the regime of King Zhou of Shang, his conduct was not acceptable to Heaven. Sacrifices were not according to seasons. Even in the night... It rained sand for ten days at Bo. The nine caldrons moved from their place. Witches appeared in the dark and ghosts sighed at night. Some women turned into men. Flesh came down from Heaven like rain. Thorny brambles covered up the national highways. Yet the king became even more dissolute. A red bird holding a gui by its beak alighted on Mt. Qi, proclaiming: "Heaven decrees King Wen of Zhou to punish Yin and possess its empire." Tai Dian then came to be minister to (King Wen). The charts emerged out of the River and chenghuang appeared on land. Thereupon King Wu ascended the throne. Three gods spoke to him in a dream, saying: "Now that we have submerged Zhou of Yin in wine, you go and attack him. We will surely let you destroy him." So, King Wu set out and attacked Zhou, and replaced Shang with Zhou. Heaven gave King Wu the Yellow Bird Pennant. Having conquered Yin he continued the order of Tang and assigned the worship of the ancestors of Zhou to the feudal lords. Connexions with the barbarians of the four borders were established, and none in the world dared to show disrespect. This was the reason why King Wu punished Zhou. Speaking about the work of these three sages, it is not to be called attack but punishment. 1. 天 : Inserted. 孫詒讓《墨子閒詁》 |
《卷六 - Book 6》 | Library Resources |
《節葬下 - Simplicity in Funerals III》 | English translation: W. P. Mei [?] | Library Resources |
| 3 | 節葬下: |
今逮至昔者三代聖王既沒，天下失義，後世之君子，或以厚葬久喪以為仁也，義也，孝子之事也；或以厚葬久喪以為非仁義，非孝子之事也。曰二子者，言則相非，行即相反，皆曰：『吾上祖述堯舜禹湯文武之道者也。』而言即相非，行即相反，於此乎後世之君子，皆疑惑乎二子者言也。若苟疑惑乎之二子者言，然則姑嘗傳而為政乎國家萬民而觀之。計厚葬久喪，奚當此三利者？我意若使法其言，用其謀，厚葬久喪實可以富貧眾寡，定危治亂乎，此仁也，義也，孝子之事 也1，為人謀者不可不勸也。仁者將興之天下，誰賈而使民譽之，終勿廢也。意亦使法其言，用其謀，厚葬久喪實不可以富貧眾寡，定危理亂乎，此非仁非義，非孝子之事也，為人謀者不可不沮也。 仁者將興之天下，誰賈而使民譽之，終勿廢也。意亦使法其言，用其謀，厚葬久喪實不可以富貧眾寡，定危理亂乎，此非仁非義，非孝子之事也，為人謀者不可不沮也。2仁者將求除之天下，相廢而使人非之，終身勿為。 |
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When the sage-kings of the Three Dynasties had passed away, and the world had become ignorant of their principles, some of the gentlemen in later generations regarded elaborate funeral and extended mourning as magnanimous, and righteous, and the duty of a filial son; while others held them to be not magnanimous, not righteous, and not the duty of the filial son. These two groups condemn each other in words and contradict each other in deed, and yet both claim to be followers of the way of Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, and Wu. But since they are disagreed in word and opposed in deed, people doubt the assertions of both. Now that the assertions of both are doubted, it will be well to turn to the government of the country and the people and see how elaborate funeral and extended mourning affect the three interests. In my opinion, if in adopting the doctrine and practising the principle, elaborate funeral and extended mourning could enrich the poor, increase the few, remove danger, and regulate disorder, it would be magnanimous, righteous, and the duty of a filial son. Those who are to give counsel could not but encourage it. And the magnanimous (ruler) would seek to have it flourish in the empire and establish it so as to have the people praise it and never disregard it in their whole life. (On the other hand,) if in adopting the doctrine and practising the principle, elaborate funeral and extended mourning really cannot enrich the poor, increase the few, remove danger, and regulate disorder, it will not be magnanimous, righteous, and the duty of the filial son. Those who are to give counsel cannot but discourage it. And the magnanimous will seek to have it abolished in the empire and abandon it so as to have the people condemn it, never to practise it in their whole life. 1. 也 : Inserted. 孫詒讓《墨子閒詁》 | |
| 10 | 節葬下: | 今執厚葬久喪者之言曰：「厚葬久喪雖使不可以富貧眾寡，定危治亂，然此聖王之1道也。」子墨子曰：「不然。昔者堯北教乎八狄，道死，葬蛩山之陰，衣衾三領，榖木之棺，葛以緘之，既窆而後哭，滿埳無封。已葬，而牛馬乘之。舜西教乎七戎，道死，葬南己之市，衣衾三領，榖木之棺，葛以緘之，已葬，而市人乘之。禹東教乎九夷，道死，葬會稽之山，衣衾三領，桐棺三寸，葛以緘之，絞之不合，通之不埳，土地之深，下毋及泉，上毋通臭。既葬，收餘壤其上，壟若參耕之畝，則止矣。若以此若三聖王者觀之，則厚葬久喪果非聖王之道。故三王者，皆貴為天子，富有天下，豈憂財用之不足哉？以為如此葬埋之法。 |
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Those who uphold elaborate funerals and extended mourning say: "Although elaborate funerals and extended mourning cannot enrich the poor, increase the few, remove danger and regulate disorder, yet they were a principle of the sage-kings." Mozi replied: Not at all. Anciently, Yao went north to instruct the eight tribes of Di. He died on the way and was buried in the shade of Mt. Qiong. Of shrouds there were three pieces. The coffin was of soft wood, and sealed with flax linen. Weeping started only after burial. There was no mound, only the pit was filled up. After burial, oxen and horses plodded over it. Shun went west to instruct the seven tribes of Rong. He died on the way and was buried in the market place of Nanji. Of shrouds there were three pieces. The coffin was of soft wood and sealed with flax linen. After burial the people in the market place walked over it. Yu went east to instruct the nine tribes of Yi. He died on the way and was buried at Mt. Guiji. Of clothing there were three pieces. The coffin was of tong wood and sealed with flax linen. It did not crush when bound, and it did not sink in when pressed. The pit was not deep enough to strike water and not so shallow as to allow the odour to ascend. When the coffin had been buried, the remaining earth was gathered on it, and the mound was three feet high and no more. So, to judge according to these three sage-kings, elaborate funerals and extended mourning were really not the way of the sage-kings. These three sage-kings held the rank of Sons of Heaven and possessed the whole empire, yet they authorized their burial in this way; was it because of any fear of lack of means? 1. 之 : Originally read: "也以". Corrected by 孫詒讓《墨子閒詁》 |
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