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《道家 - Daoism》 | Related resources |
《莊子 - Zhuangzi》 | [Warring States] 350 BC-250 BC English translation: James Legge [?] | Books referencing 《莊子》 Library Resources Source Related resources |
《內篇 - Inner Chapters》 | Library Resources |
《人間世 - Man in the World, Associated with other Men》 | English translation: James Legge [?] | Books referencing 《人間世》 Library Resources |
| 5 | 人間世: | 匠石之齊，至乎曲轅，見櫟社樹。其大蔽數千牛，絜之百圍，其高臨山十仞而後有枝，其可以為舟者旁十數。觀者如市，匠伯不顧，遂行不輟。弟子厭觀之，走及匠石，曰：「自吾執斧斤以隨夫子，未嘗見材如此其美也。先生不肯視，行不輟，何邪？」曰：「已矣，勿言之矣！散木也，以為舟則沈，以為棺槨則速腐，以為器則速毀，以為門戶則液樠，以為柱則蠹。是不材之木也，無所可用，故能若是之壽。」匠石歸，櫟社見夢曰：「女將惡乎比予哉？若將比予於文木邪？夫柤、梨、橘、柚、果、蓏之屬，實熟則剝，剝則辱，大枝折，小枝泄。此以其能苦其生者也，故不終其天年而中道夭，自掊擊於世俗者也。物莫不若是。且予求無所可用久矣，幾死，乃今得之，為予大用。使予也而有用，且得有此大也邪？且也，若與予也皆物也，奈何哉其相物也？而幾死之散人，又惡知散木！」匠石覺而診其夢。弟子曰：「趣取無用，則為社何邪？」曰：「密！若無言！彼亦直寄焉，以為不知己者詬厲也。不為社者，且幾有翦乎！且也，彼其所保，與眾異，以義譽之，不亦遠乎！」 |
| Man in the World,...: |
A (master) mechanic, called Shi, on his way to Qi, came to Qu-yuan, where he saw an oak-tree, which was used as the altar for the spirits of the land. It was so large that an ox standing behind it could not be seen. It measured a hundred spans round, and rose up eighty cubits on the hill before it threw out any branches, after which there were ten or so, from each of which a boat could be hollowed out. People came to see it in crowds as in a market place, but the mechanic did not look round at it, but held on his way without stopping. One of his workmen, however, looked long and admiringly at it, and then ran on to his master, and said to him, 'Since I followed you with my axe and bill, I have never seen such a beautiful mass of timber as this. Why would you, Sir, not look round at it, but went on without stopping?' 'Have done,' said Mr. Shi, 'and do not speak about it. It is quite useless. A boat made from its wood would sink; a coffin or shell would quickly rot; an article of furniture would soon go to pieces; a door would be covered with the exuding sap; a pillar would be riddled by insects; the material of it is good for nothing, and hence it is that it has attained to so great an age.' When Mr. Shi was returning, the altar-oak appeared to him in a dream, and said, 'What other tree will you compare with me? Will you compare me to one of your ornamental trees? There are hawthorns, pear-trees, orange-trees, pummelo-trees, gourds and other low fruit-bearing plants. When their fruits are ripe, they are knocked down from them, and thrown among the dirt. The large branches are broken, and the smaller are torn away. So it is that their productive ability makes their lives bitter to them; they do not complete their natural term of existence, but come to a premature end in the middle of their time, bringing on themselves the destructive treatment which they ordinarily receive. It is so with all things. I have sought to discover how it was that I was so useless; I had long done so, till (the effort) nearly caused my death; and now I have learned it - it has been of the greatest use to me. Suppose that I had possessed useful properties, should I have become of the great size that I am? And moreover you and I are both things - how should one thing thus pass its judgment on another? how is it that you a useless man know all this about me a useless tree?' When Mr. Shih awoke, he kept thinking about his dream, but the workman said, 'Being so taken with its uselessness, how is it that it yet acts here as the altar for the spirits of the land?' 'Be still,' was the master's reply, 'and do not say a word. It simply happened to grow here; and thus those who do not know it do not speak ill of it as an evil thing. If it were not used as the altar, would it be in danger of being cut down? Moreover, the reason of its being preserved is different from that of the preservation of things generally; is not your explaining it from the sentiment which you have expressed wide of the mark?' |
《外篇 - Outer Chapters》 | Library Resources |
《繕性 - Correcting the Nature》 | English translation: James Legge [?] | Books referencing 《繕性》 Library Resources |
| 1 | 繕性: | 繕性於俗，俗學以求復其初，滑欲於俗，思以求致其明，謂之蔽蒙之民。 |
| Correcting the Nature:...: | Those who would correct their nature by means of the vulgar learning, seeking to restore it to its original condition, and those who would regulate their desires, by the vulgar ways of thinking, seeking thereby to carry their intelligence to perfection, must be pronounced to be deluded and ignorant people. | |
| 古之治道者，以恬養知；知生而無以知為也，謂之以知養恬。知與恬交相養，而和理出其性。夫德，和也；道，理也。德無不容，仁也；道無不理，義也；義明而物親，忠也；中純實而反乎情，樂也；信行容體而順乎文，禮也。禮樂遍行，則天下亂矣。彼正而蒙己德，德則不冒，冒則物必失其性也。 | ||
| The ancients who regulated the Dao nourished their faculty of knowledge by their placidity, and all through life abstained from employing that faculty in action - they must be pronounced to have (thus also) nourished their placidity by their knowledge. When the faculty of knowledge and the placidity (thus) blend together, and they nourish each other, then from the nature there come forth harmony and orderly method. The attributes (of the Dao) constitute the harmony; the Dao (itself) secures the orderly method. When the attributes appear in a universal practice of forbearance, we have Benevolence; when the path is all marked by orderly method, we have Righteousness; when the righteousness is clearly manifested, and (all) things are regarded with affection, we have Leal-heartedness; when the (heart's) core is thus (pure) and real, and carried back to its (proper) qualities, we have Music; when this sincerity appears in all the range of the capacity, and its demonstrations are in accordance with what is elegant, we have Ceremony. If ceremonies and Music are carried out in an imperfect and one-sided manner, the world is thrown into confusion. When men would rectify others, and their own virtue is beclouded, it is not sufficient to extend itself to them. If an attempt be made so to extend it, they also will lose their (proper) nature. |
《道德經 - Dao De Jing》 | [Warring States (475 BC - 221 BC)] English translation: James Legge [?] | Books referencing 《道德經》 Library Resources Source Related resources |
| 15 | 道德經: | 古之善為士者，微妙玄通，深不可識。夫唯不可識，故強為之容。豫兮若冬涉川；猶兮若畏四鄰；儼兮其若容；渙兮若冰之將釋；敦兮其若樸；曠兮其若谷；混兮其若濁；孰能濁以靜之徐清？孰能安以久動之徐生？保此道者，不欲盈。夫唯不盈，故能蔽不新成。 |
| Dao De Jing: |
(The exhibition of the qualities of the Dao) The skilful masters (of the Dao) in old times, with a subtle and exquisite penetration, comprehended its mysteries, and were deep (also) so as to elude men's knowledge. As they were thus beyond men's knowledge, I will make an effort to describe of what sort they appeared to be. Shrinking looked they like those who wade through a stream in winter; irresolute like those who are afraid of all around them; grave like a guest (in awe of his host); evanescent like ice that is melting away; unpretentious like wood that has not been fashioned into anything; vacant like a valley, and dull like muddy water. Who can (make) the muddy water (clear)? Let it be still, and it will gradually become clear. Who can secure the condition of rest? Let movement go on, and the condition of rest will gradually arise. They who preserve this method of the Dao do not wish to be full (of themselves). It is through their not being full of themselves that they can afford to seem worn and not appear new and complete. |
《鶡冠子 - He Guan Zi》 | [Warring States (475 BC - 221 BC)] | Books referencing 《鶡冠子》 Library Resources Related resources |
《天則》 | Books referencing 《天則》 Library Resources |
| 1 | 天則: | 聖王者，有聽微決疑之道，能屏讒，權實，逆淫辭，絕流語，去無用，杜絕朋黨之門，嫉妒之人，不得著明，非君子術數之士莫得當前。故邪弗能奸，禍不能中。彼天地之以無極者，以守度量，而不可濫，日不踰辰，月宿其列，當名服事，星守弗去，弦望晦朔，終始相巡，踰年累歲，用不縵縵，此天之所柄以臨斗者也。中參成位，四氣為政，前張後極，左角右鉞，九文循理，以省官眾，小大畢舉。先無怨讎之患，後無毀名敗行之咎。故其威上際下交，其澤四被而不鬲。天之不違，以不離一，天若離一，反還為物。不創不作，與天地合德，節璽相信，如月應日。此聖人之所以宜世也。知足以滑正，略足以恬禍，此危國之不可安，亡國之不可存也。故天道先貴覆者，地道先貴載者，人道先貴事者，酒保先貴食者。待物也，領氣時也，生殺法也。循度以斷，天之節也。列地而守之，分民而部之。寒者得衣，饑者得食，冤者得理，勞者得息，聖人之所期也。夫裁衣而知擇其工，裁國而知索其人，此固世之所公哉。同而後可以見天，異而後可以見人，變而後可以見時，化而後可以見道。臨利而後可以見信，臨財而後可以見仁，臨難而後可以見勇，臨事而後可以見術數之士。九皇之制，主不虛王，臣不虛貴階級。尊卑名號，自君吏民，次者無國，歷寵歷錄，副所以付授，與天人參相結連，鉤攷之具不備故也。下之所逜，上之可蔽，斯其離人情而失天節者也。緩則怠，急則困，見閒則以奇相御，人之情也。舉以八極，信焉而弗信，天之則也。差繆之閒，言不可合，平不中律，月望而晨月毀於天，珠蛤蠃蚌虛于深渚，上下同離也。未令而知其為，未使而知其往，上不加務而民自盡，此化之期也。使而不往，禁而不止，上下乖謬者，其道不相得也。上統下撫者，遠眾之慝也，陰陽不接者，其理無從相及也，算不相當者，人不應上也。符節亡此，曷曾可合也，為而無害，成而不敗，一人唱而萬人和，如體之從心，此政之期也。蓋毋錦杠悉動者，其要在一也。 |
| 2 | 天則: | 未見不得其𧭉而能除其疾也。文武交用而不得事實者，法令放而無以梟之謂也。舍此而按之彼者，曷曾可得也。冥言易，而如言難。故父不能得之於子，而君弗能得之於臣。已見天之所以信於物矣，未見人之所信於物也。捐物任勢者，天也，捐物任勢，故莫能宰而不天。夫物故曲可改人可使。法章物而不自許者，天之道也。以為奉教陳忠之臣，未足恃也。故法者，曲制，官備，主用也。舉善不以窅窅，拾過不以冥冥。決此，法之所貴也。若礱磨不用，賜物雖詘，有不效者矣。上下有閒，於是設防知蔽並起。故政在私家而弗能取，重人掉權而弗能止，賞加無功而弗能奪，法廢不奉而弗能立。罰行於非其人而弗能絕者，不與其民之故也。夫使百姓釋己而以上為心者，教之所期也。八極之舉，不能時贊，故可壅塞也。昔者有道之取政，非於耳目也。夫耳之主聽，目之主明。一葉蔽目，不見太山，兩豆塞耳，不聞雷霆。道開而否，未之聞也。見遺不掇，非人情也。信情脩生，非其天誅，逆夫人僇，不勝任也。為成求得者，事之所期也。為之以民，道之要也。唯民知極，弗之代也。此聖王授業，所以守制也。彼教苦故民行薄，失之本故爭於末。人有分於處，處有分於地，地有分於天，天有分於時，時有分於數，數有分於度，度有分於一。天居高而耳卑者，此之謂也。故聖王天時人之地之雅無牧能因無功多。尊君卑臣，非計親也，任賢使能，非與處也。水火不相入，天之制也。明不能照者，道弗能得也，規不能包者，力弗能挈也。自知慧出，使玉化為環玦者，是政反為滑也。田不因地形，不能成穀，為化不因民，不能成俗。嚴疾過也，喜怒適也，四者已仞，非師術也。形嗇而亂益者，勢不相牧也。德與身存亡者，未可以取法也。昔宥世者，未有離天人而能善與國者也。先王之盛名，未有非士之所立者也。過生於上，罪死於下。濁世之所以為俗也，一人乎，一人乎，命之所極也。 |
《道端》 | Books referencing 《道端》 Library Resources |
| 1 | 道端: | 天者，萬物所以得立也，地者，萬物所以得安也。故天定之，地處之，時發之，物受之，聖人象之。夫寒溫之變，非一精之所化也，天下之事，非一人之所能獨知也，海水廣大，非獨仰一川之流也。是以明主之治世也，急於求人，弗獨為也，與天與地，建立四維，以輔國政，鉤繩相布，銜橛相制，參偶具備，立位乃固，經氣有常理，以天地動，逆天時不祥，有祟事，不仕賢，無功必敗，出究其道，入窮其變，張軍衛外，禍反在內，所備甚遠，賊在所愛。是以先王置士也，舉賢用能，無阿於世。仁人居左，忠臣居前，義臣居右，聖人居後。左法仁，則春生殖，前法忠，則夏功立，右法義，則秋成熟，後法聖，則冬閉藏。先王用之，高而不墜，安而不亡，此萬物之本𠠕，天地之門戶，道德之益也，此四大夫者，君之所取於外也。君者，天也。天不開門戶，使下相害也，進賢受上賞，則下不相蔽，不待事人賢士顯不蔽之功，則任事之人莫不盡忠，鄉曲慕義，化坐自端，此其道之所致德之所成也。本出一人，故謂之天，莫不受命，不可為名，故謂之神。至神之極，見之不忒，匈乖不惑，務正一國。一國之刑，具在於身。以身老世，正以錯國，服義行仁，以一王業。夫仁者，君之操也，義者，君之行也，忠者，君之政也，信者，君之教也，聖人者，君之師傅也。君道知人，臣術知事。故臨貨分財使仁，犯患應難使勇，受言結辭使辯，慮事定計使智，理民處平使謙，賓奏贊見使禮，用民獲眾使賢，出封越境適絕國使信，制天地御諸侯使聖。夫仁之功，善與不爭，下不怨上，辯士之功，釋怨解難，智士之功，事至而治，難至而應，忠臣之功，正言直行，矯拂王過，義臣之功，存亡繼絕，救弱誅暴，信臣之功，正不易言，貞謙之功，廢私立公，禮臣之功，尊君卑臣，賢士之功，敵國憚之，四境不侵，聖人之功，定制於冥冥，求至欲得，言聽行從，近親遠附，明達四通，內有挾度，然後有以量人。富者觀其所予，足以知仁，貴者觀其所舉，足以知忠，觀其大𥘽，長不讓少，貴不讓賤，足以知禮達，觀其所不行，足以知義，受官任治，觀其去就，足以知智，迫之不懼，足以知勇，口利辭巧，足以知辯，使之不隱，足以知信，貧者觀其所不取，足以知廉，賤者觀其所不為，足以知賢，測深觀天，足以知聖。第不失次，理不相舛，近塞遠閉，備元變成，明事知分，度數獨行，無道之君，任用么麼，動即煩濁，有道之君，任用俊雄，動則明白，二者先定素立，白蔘明起，氣榮相宰，上合其符，下稽其實。時君遇人有德，君子至門，不言而信，萬民附親，遇人暴驕，萬民離流，上下相疑，復而如環，日夜相橈，諫者弗受，言者危身，無從聞過，故大臣偽而不忠。是以為人君親其民如子者，弗召自來。故曰：有光卒於美名，不施而責，弗受而求親，故曰：有殃卒於不祥。夫長者之事其君也，調而和之，士於純厚，引而化之，天下好之，其道日從，故卒必昌。夫小人之事其君也，務蔽其明，塞其聽，乘其威，以灼熱人，天下惡之，其崇日凶，故卒必敗，禍及族人。此君臣之變，治亂之分，興壞之關梁，國家之閱也。逆順利害，由此出生。凡可無學而能者，唯息與食也。故先王傳道以相效屬也，賢君循成法，後世久長，惰君不從，當世滅亡。 |
《近迭》 | Library Resources |
| 3 | 近迭: | 龐子曰：「何若滑正之智？」鶡冠子曰：「法度無以櫢意為摸，聖人按數循法尚有不全，是故人不百其法者，不能為天下主。今無數而自因，無法而自備，循無上聖之檢而斷於己明，人事雖備，將尚何以復百己之身乎。主知不明，以貴為道，以意為法，牽時誑世，逜下蔽上，使事兩乖，養非長失，以靜為擾，以安為危，百姓家困，人怨禍孰大焉。若此者，北走之日，后知命亡。」龐子曰：「以人事百法柰何？」鶡冠子曰：「蒼頡作法，書從甲子，成史李官，蒼頡不道，然非蒼頡文墨不起，縱法之載於圖者，其於以喻心達意揚道之所謂，乃纔居曼之十分一耳。故知百法者桀雄也，若隔無形，將然未有者知萬人也。無萬人之智者，智不能棲世學之上。」龐子曰：「得奉嚴教，受業有閒矣，退師謀言，弟子愈恐。」 |
《王鈇》 | Books referencing 《王鈇》 Library Resources |
| 6 | 王鈇: | 龐子曰：「願聞天曲日術。」鶡冠子曰：「其制邑理都使矔習者，五家為伍，伍為之長，十伍為里，里置有司，四里為扁，扁為之長，十扁為鄉，鄉置師，五鄉為縣，縣有嗇夫治焉，十縣為郡，有大夫守焉，命曰官屬。郡大夫退脩其屬縣，嗇夫退脩其鄉，鄉師退脩其扁，扁長退脩其里，里有司退脩其伍，伍長退脩其家。事相斥正，居處相察，出入相司。父與父言義，子與子言孝。長者言善，少者言敬，旦夕相薰薌，以此慈孝之務。若有所移徙去就，家與家相受，人與人相付，亡人姦物，無所穿竄，此其人情物理也。伍人有勿故不奉上令有餘不足居處之狀，而不輒以告里有司，謂之亂家，其罪伍長以同。里中有不敬長慈少，出等異眾，不聽父兄之教，有所受聞，不悉以告扁長，謂之亂里，其罪有司而貳其家。扁不以時循行教誨，受聞不悉以告鄉師，謂之亂扁，其罪扁長而貳其家。鄉不以時循行教誨，受聞不悉以告縣嗇夫，謂之亂鄉，其罪鄉師而貳其家。縣嗇夫不以時循行教誨，受聞不悉以告郡，善者不顯，命曰蔽明，見惡而隱，命曰下比，謂之亂縣，其誅嗇夫無赦。郡大夫不以循行教誨，受聞雖實，有所遺脫，不悉以教柱國，謂之亂郡，其誅郡大夫無赦。柱國不政，使下情不上聞，上情不下究，謂之絿政，其誅柱國滅門殘疾。令尹不宜時合地害百姓者，謂之亂天下，其軫令尹以祢。此其所以嗇物也。天用四時，地用五行，天子執一以居中央，調以五音，正以六律，紀以度數，宰以刑德。 |
| 7 | 王鈇: | 從本至末，第以甲乙。天始於元，地始於朔，四時始於歷。故家里用提，扁長用旬，鄉師用節，縣嗇夫用月，郡大夫用氣分所至，柱國用六律。里五日報扁，扁十日報鄉，鄉十五日報縣，縣三十日報郡，郡四十五日報柱國，柱國六十日以聞天子，天子七十二日遺使，勉有功罰不如此所以與天地總。下情六十日一上聞，上惠七十二日一下究，此天曲日術也。故不肖者不失其賤，而賢者不失其明，上享其福祿而百事理行，畔者不利，故莫能撓其強，是以能治滿而不溢，綰大而不芒，天子中正，使者敢易言尊益區域，使利逜下蔽上，其刑斬笞無赦，諸吏教苦德薄，侵暴百姓，輒罷，毋使汙官亂治，不奉令犯法，其罪加民，利而不取利，運而不取次，故四方從之，唯恐後至。是以運天而維張，地廣而德章，天下安樂，設年予昌屬各以一時典最上賢不如令尹，令尹以聞，壹再削職，三則不赦，治不踰官，使史李不誤，公市為平，生者不喜，死者不怨，人得所欲，國無變故，著賞有功，德及三世，父伏其辜，不得創謚，事從一二，終古不勃。彼計為善於鄉，不如為善於里，為善於里，不如為善於家。是以為善者可得舉，為惡者可得誅。莫敢道一旦之善，皆以終身為期，素無失次，故化立而世無邪，化立俗成，少則同儕，長則同友，遊敖同品，祭祀同福，死生同愛，禍災同憂，居處同樂，行作同和，吊賀同雜，哭泣同哀。驩欣足以相助，𠏄諜足以相止，安平相馴，軍旅相保，夜戰則足以相信，晝戰則足以相配，入以禁暴，出正無道，是以其兵能橫行誅伐而莫之敢禦。故其刑設而不用，不爭而權重，車甲不陳而天下無敵矣。失道則賤敢逆貴，不義則小敢侵大。成鳩既見上世之嗣失道亡功倍本滅德之則，故為之不朽之國定位牢祭，使鬼神亶曰，增規不圓，益矩不方。夫以效末傳之子孫，唯此可持，唯此可將，將者養吉，釋者不祥，墠以全犧，正以齋明，四時享之，祀以家王，以為神享，禮靈之符，藏之宗廟，以璽正諸。故其後世之保教也全，耳目不營，用心不分，不見異物，而遷捐私去毒，鉤於內哲，固於所守，更始逾新，上元為紀，共承嘉惠相高不改亶昭穆，具招士先結之，後入弗解，此知極之至也。」 |
| 8 | 王鈇: | 龐子曰：「願聞所以不改更始逾新之道。」鶡冠子曰：「成鳩所謂得王鈇之傳者也。」龐子曰：「何謂王鈇？」鶡冠子曰：「王鈇者，非一世之器也。以死遂生，從中制外之教也。後世成至孫一靈羽理符日循，功弗敢敗，奉業究制，執正守內，拙弗敢廢，樓𠝜與旱，以新續故，四時執效，應錮不駿，后得入廟，惑爽不嗣謂之焚，祖命冒世，禮嗣弗引，奉常弗內，靈不食祀，家王不舉祭，天將降咎，皇神不享，此所以不改更始逾新之道也。故主無異意，民心不徙，與天合則，萬年一范，則近者親其善，遠者慕其德而無已。是以其教不猒，其用不弊。故能疇合四海以為一家，而夷貉萬國皆以時朝服致績，而莫敢效增免，聞者傳譯，來歸其義，莫能易其俗移其教。故共威立而不犯，流遠而不廢，此素皇內帝之法。成鳩之所枋以超等世世不可奪者也，功日益月長，故能與天地存久，此所以與神明體正之術也，不待士史蒼頡作書，故後世莫能云其咎。未聞不與道德究而能以為善者也。」龐子曰：「如是古今之道同邪？」鶡冠子曰：「古者亦我而使之久，眾者亦我而使之眾耳，何比異哉。彼類善則萬世不忘，道惡則禍及其身，尚奚怪焉。」龐子曰：「以今之事觀古之道，舟車相通，衣服同采，言語相知，畫地守之，不能相犯，殊君異長，不能相使，逆言過耳，兵甲相李，百父母子旦未易領，方若所言未有離中國之正也。邱第之業，域不出著，居不連垝，而曰成鳩氏，周闔四海為一家，夷貉萬國莫不來朝，其果情乎？」鶡冠子曰：「虎狼殺人，烏蒼從上，螾蛾從下聚之。六者異類，然同時俱至者何也，所欲同也。由是觀之，有人之名，則同人之情耳何，故不可乎。天度數之而行，在一不少，在萬不眾，同如林木，積如倉粟，斗石以陳，升委無失也。列地分民，亦尚一也耳，百父母子，何能增減，殊君異長，又何出入，若能正一，萬國同極，德至四海，又奚足闔也。」龐子曰：「果必信然，陰陽消散，三百六十日，各反其故，天地跼跼，奚足以疑。聖人高大，內揣深淺遠近之理，使鬼神一失，不復息矣，與天地相蔽，至今尚在，以鉦面達行。宜乎哉，成鳩之萬八千歲也，得此道者何辯誰氏，所用之國而天下利耳。 |
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