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Scope: Confucianism Request type: Paragraph
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儒家 - Confucianism

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論語 - The Analects

[Spring and Autumn - Warring States] 480 BC-350 BC
Books referencing 《論語》 Library Resources
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[Also known as: "The Analects of Confucius", "The Confucian Analects"]

為政 - Wei Zheng

English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《為政》 Library Resources
20 為政:
季康子問:「使民敬、忠以勸,如之何?」子曰:「臨之以莊則敬,孝則忠,舉善而教不能,則勸。」
Wei Zheng:
Ji Kang asked how to cause the people to reverence their ruler, to be faithful to him, and to go on to nerve themselves to virtue. The Master said, "Let him preside over them with gravity; then they will reverence him. Let him be final and kind to all; then they will be faithful to him. Let him advance the good and teach the incompetent; then they will eagerly seek to be virtuous."

孟子 - Mengzi

[Warring States] 340 BC-250 BC English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《孟子》 Library Resources
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[Also known as: "The Works of Mencius"]

離婁上 - Li Lou I

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2 離婁上:
孟子曰:「規矩,方員之至也;聖人,人倫之至也。欲為君盡君道,欲為臣盡臣道,二者皆法堯舜而已矣。不以舜之所以事堯事君,不敬其君者也;不以堯之所以治民治民,賊其民者也。孔子曰:『道二:仁與不仁而已矣。』暴其民甚,則身弒國亡;不甚,則身危國削。名之曰『幽厲』,雖孝子孫,百世不能改也。《》云『殷鑒不遠,在夏后之世』,此之謂也。」
Li Lou I:
Mencius said, 'The compass and square produce perfect circles and squares. By the sages, the human relations are perfectly exhibited. He who as a sovereign would perfectly discharge the duties of a sovereign, and he who as a minister would perfectly discharge the duties of a minister, have only to imitate - the one Yao, and the other Shun. He who does not serve his sovereign as Shun served Yao, does not respect his sovereign; and he who does not rule his people as Yao ruled his, injures his people. Confucius said, "There are but two courses, which can be pursued, that of virtue and its opposite." A ruler who carries the oppression of his people to the highest pitch, will himself be slain, and his kingdom will perish. If one stop short of the highest pitch, his life will notwithstanding be in danger, and his kingdom will be weakened. He will be styled "The Dark," or "The Cruel," and though he may have filial sons and affectionate grandsons, they will not be able in a hundred generations to change the designation. This is what is intended in the words of the Book of Poetry, "The beacon of Yin is not remote, It is in the time of the (last) sovereign of Xia."'

告子下 - Gaozi II

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27 告子下:
孟子曰:「五霸者,三王之罪人也;今之諸侯,五霸之罪人也;今之大夫,今之諸侯之罪人也。天子適諸侯曰巡狩,諸侯朝於天子曰述職。春省耕而補不足,秋省斂而助不給。入其疆,土地辟,田野治,養老尊賢,俊傑在位,則有慶,慶以地。入其疆,土地荒蕪,遺老失賢,掊克在位,則有讓。一不朝,則貶其爵;再不朝,則削其地;三不朝,則六師移之。是故天子討而不伐,諸侯伐而不討。五霸者,摟諸侯以伐諸侯者也,故曰:五霸者,三王之罪人也。
Gaozi II:
Mencius said, 'The five chiefs of the princes were sinners against the three kings. The princes of the present day are sinners against the five chiefs. The Great officers of the present day are sinners against the princes. The sovereign visited the princes, which was called "A tour of Inspection." The princes attended at the court of the sovereign, which was called "Giving a report of office." It was a custom in the spring to examine the ploughing, and supply any deficiency of seed; and in autumn to examine the reaping, and assist where there was a deficiency of the crop. When the sovereign entered the boundaries of a State, if the new ground was being reclaimed, and the old fields well cultivated; if the old were nourished and the worthy honoured; and if men of distinguished talents were placed in office: then the prince was rewarded - rewarded with an addition to his territory. On the other hand, if, on entering a State, the ground was found left wild or overrun with weeds; if the old were neglected and the worthy unhonoured; and if the offices were filled with hard taxgatherers: then the prince was reprimanded. If a prince once omitted his attendance at court, he was punished by degradation of rank; if he did so a second time, he was deprived of a portion of his territory; if he did so a third time, the royal forces were set in motion, and he was removed from his government. Thus the sovereign commanded the punishment, but did not himself inflict it, while the princes inflicted the punishment, but did not command it. The five chiefs, however, dragged the princes to punish other princes, and hence I say that they were sinners against the three kings.
「五霸,桓公為盛。葵丘之會諸侯,束牲、載書而不歃血。初命曰:『誅不孝,無易樹子,無以妾為妻。』再命曰:『尊賢育才,以彰有德。』三命曰:『敬老幼,無忘賓旅。』四命曰:『士無世官,官事無攝,取士必得,無專殺大夫。』五命曰:『無曲防,無遏糴,無有封而不告。』曰:『凡我同盟之人,既盟之後,言歸于好。』今之諸侯,皆犯此五禁,故曰:今之諸侯,五霸之罪人也。
'Of the five chiefs the most powerful was the duke Huan. At the assembly of the princes in Kui Qiu, he bound the victim and placed the writing upon it, but did not slay it to smear their mouths with the blood. The first injunction in their agreement was, "Slay the unfilial; change not the son who has been appointed heir; exalt not a concubine to be the wife." The second was, "Honour the worthy, and maintain the talented, to give distinction to the virtuous." The third was, "Respect the old, and be kind to the young. Be not forgetful of strangers and travellers." The fourth was, "Let not offices be hereditary, nor let officers be pluralists. In the selection of officers let the object be to get the proper men. Let not a ruler take it on himself to put to death a Great officer." The fifth was, "Follow no crooked policy in making embankments. Impose no restrictions on the sale of grain. Let there be no promotions without first announcing them to the sovereign." It was then said, "All we who have united in this agreement shall hereafter maintain amicable relations." The princes of the present day all violate these five prohibitions, and therefore I say that the princes of the present day are sinners against the five chiefs.
「長君之惡其罪小,逢君之惡其罪大。今之大夫,皆逢君之惡,故曰:今之大夫,今之諸侯之罪人也。」
'The crime of him who connives at, and aids, the wickedness of his prince is small, but the crime of him who anticipates and excites that wickedness is great. The officers of the present day all go to meet their sovereigns' wickedness, and therefore I say that the Great officers of the present day are sinners against the princes.'

禮記 - Liji

[Warring States (475 BC - 221 BC)] English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《禮記》 Library Resources
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[Also known as: 《小戴禮記》, "The Classic of Rites"]

曲禮上 - Qu Li I

English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《曲禮上》 Library Resources
[Also known as: "Summary of the Rules of Propriety Part 1"]

16 曲禮上:
夫為人子者,三賜不及車馬。故州閭鄉黨稱其孝也,兄弟親戚稱其也,僚友稱其弟也,執友稱其仁也,交游稱其信也。見父之執,不謂之進不敢進,不謂之退不敢退,不問不敢對。此孝子之行也。
Qu Li I:
Whenever a son, having received the three (first) gifts (of the ruler), declines (to use) the carriage and horses, the people of the hamlets and smaller districts, and of the larger districts and neighbourhoods, will proclaim him filial; his brothers and relatives, both by consanguinity and affinity, will proclaim him loving; his friends who are fellow-officers will proclaim him virtuous; and his friends who are his associates will proclaim him true. When he sees an intimate friend of his father, not to presume to go forward to him without being told to do so; nor to retire without being told; nor to address him without being questioned - this is the conduct of a filial son.

64 曲禮上:
居喪之禮,毀瘠不形,視聽不衰。升降不由阼階,出入不當門隧。居喪之禮,頭有創則沐,身有瘍則浴,有疾則飲酒食肉,疾止復初。不勝喪,乃比於不不孝。五十不致毀,六十不毀,七十唯衰麻在身,飲酒食肉,處於內。
Qu Li I:
According to the rules for the period of mourning (for a father), (a son) should not emaciate himself till the bones appear, nor let his seeing and hearing be affected (by his privations). He should not go up to, nor descend from, the hail by the steps on the east (which his father used), nor go in or out by the path right opposite to the (centre of the) gate. According to the same rules, if he have a scab on his head, he should wash it; if he have a sore on his body, he should bathe it. If he be ill, he should drink spirits, and eat flesh, returning to his former (abstinence) when he is better. If he make himself unable to perform his mourning duties, that is like being unkind and unfilial. If he be fifty, he should not allow himself to be reduced (by his abstinence) very much; and, if he be sixty, not at all. At seventy, he will only wear the unhemmed dress of sackcloth, and will drink and eat flesh, and occupy (the usual apartment) inside (his house).

曾子問 - Zengzi Wen

English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《曾子問》 Library Resources
[Also known as: "The questions of Zeng-zi"]

21 曾子問:
子游問曰:「喪母如母,禮與?」
Zengzi Wen:
Zi-you asked, 'Is it the rule to mourn for a foster-mother as for a mother?'
孔子曰:「非禮也。古者,男子外有傅,內有母,君命所使教子也,何服之有?昔者,魯昭公少喪其母,有母良,及其死也,公弗忍也,欲喪之,有司以聞,曰:『古之禮,母無服,今也君為之服,是逆古之禮而亂國法也;若終行之,則有司將書之以遺後世。無乃不可乎!』公曰:『古者天子練冠以燕居。』公弗忍也,遂練冠以喪母。喪母,自魯昭公始也。」
Confucius said, 'It is not the rule. Anciently, outside the palace, a boy had his master, and at home his foster-mother; they were those whom the ruler employed to teach his son;-what ground should these be for wearing mourning for them? Formerly duke Zhao of Lu having lost his mother when he was little, had a foster-mother, who was good; and when she died, he could not bear (not) to mourn for her, and wished to do so. The proper officer on hearing of it, said, "According to the ancient rule, there is no mourning for a foster-mother. If you wear this mourning, you will act contrary to that ancient rule, and introduce confusion into the laws of the state. If you will after all do it, then we will put it on record, and transmit the act to the future; will not that be undesirable?" The duke said, "Anciently the son of Heaven, when unoccupied and at ease, wore the soft inner garment, assumed after the year's mourning, and the cap." The duke could not bear not to wear mourning, and on this he mourned for his foster-mother in this garb. The mourning for a foster-mother originated with duke Zhao of Lu.'

禮運 - Li Yun

English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《禮運》 Library Resources
[Also known as: "Ceremonial usages; their origins, development, and intention"]

8 禮運:
作其祝號,玄酒以祭,薦其血毛,腥其俎,孰其殽,與其越席,疏布以冪,衣其浣帛,醴醆以獻,薦其燔炙,君與夫人交獻,以嘉魂魄,是謂合莫。然後退而合亨,體其犬豕牛羊,實其簠簋、籩豆、鉶羹。祝以孝告,嘏以告,是謂大祥。此禮之大成也。
Li Yun:
'They proceed to their invocations, using in each the appropriate terms. The dark-coloured liquor is employed in (every) sacrifice. The blood with the hair and feathers (of the victim) is presented. The flesh, uncooked, is set forth on the stands. The bones with the flesh on them are sodden; and rush mats and coarse cloth are placed underneath and over the vases and cups. The robes of dyed silk are put on. The must and clarified liquor are presented. The flesh, roasted and grilled, is brought forward. The ruler and his wife take alternate parts in presenting these offerings, all being done to please the souls of the departed, and constituting a union (of the living) with the disembodied and unseen. These services having been completed, they retire, and cook again all that was insufficiently done. The dogs, pigs, bullocks, and sheep are dismembered. The shorter dishes (round and square), the taller ones of bamboo and wood, and the soup vessels are all filled. There are the prayers which express the filial piety (of the worshipper), and the benediction announcing the favour (of his ancestors). This may be called the greatest omen of prosperity; and in this the ceremony obtains its grand completion.'

18 禮運:
故聖人耐以天下為一家,以中國為一人者,非意之也,必知其情,辟於其義,明於其利,達於其患,然後能為之。何謂人情?喜怒哀懼愛惡欲七者,弗學而能。何謂人義?父、子孝、兄良、弟弟、夫義、婦聽、長惠、幼順、君仁、臣忠十者,謂之人義。講信修睦,謂之人利。爭奪相殺,謂之人患。故聖人所以治人七情,修十義,講信修睦,尚辭讓,去爭奪,舍禮何以治之?
Li Yun:
Therefore when it is said that (the ruler being) a sage can look on all under the sky as one family, and on all in the Middle states as one man, this does not mean that he will do so on premeditation and purpose. He must know men's feelings, lay open to them what they consider right, show clearly to them what is advantageous, and comprehend what are their calamities. Being so furnished, he is then able to effect the thing. What are the feelings of men? They are joy, anger, sadness, fear, love, disliking, and liking. These seven feelings belong to men without their learning them. What are 'the things which men consider right?' Kindness on the part of the father, and filial duty on that of the son; gentleness on the part of the elder brother, and obedience on that of the younger; righteousness on the part of the husband, and submission on that of the wife; kindness on the part of elders, and deference on that of juniors; with benevolence on the part of the ruler, and loyalty on that of the minister - these ten are the things which men consider to be right. Truthfulness in speech and the cultivation of harmony constitute what are called 'the things advantageous to men.' Quarrels, plundering, and murders are 'the things disastrous to men.' Hence, when a sage (ruler) would regulate the seven feelings of men, cultivate the ten virtues that are right; promote truthfulness of speech, and the maintenance of harmony; show his value for kindly consideration and complaisant courtesy; and put away quarrelling and plundering, if he neglect the rules of propriety, how shall he succeed?

26 禮運:
故禮行於郊,而百神受職焉,禮行於社,而百貨可極焉,禮行於祖廟而孝服焉,禮行於五祀而正法則焉。故自郊社、祖廟、山川、五祀,義之修而禮之藏也。
Li Yun:
By means of the ceremonies performed in the suburb, all the spirits receive their offices. By means of those performed at the altar of the earth, all the things yielded (by the earth) receive their fullest development. By means of those in the ancestral temple, the services of filial duty and of kindly affection come to be discharged. By means of those at the five sacrifices of the house, the laws and rules of life are correctly exhibited. Hence when the ideas in these sacrifices in the suburb, at the altar of the earth, in the ancestral temple, at the altars of the hills and streams, and of the five sacrifices of the house are fully apprehended, the ceremonies used are found to be lodged in them.

內則 - Nei Ze

English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《內則》 Library Resources
[Also known as: "The pattern of the family"]

8 內則:
由命士以上,父子皆異宮。昧爽而朝,以旨甘,日出而退,各從其事,日入而夕,以旨甘。
Nei Ze:
From the time that sons receive an official appointment, they and their father occupy different parts of their residence. But at the dawn, the son will pay his respects, and express his affection by (the offer of) pleasant delicacies. At sunrise he will retire, and he and his father will attend to their different duties. At sundown, the son will pay his evening visit in the same way.

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