| | 曲禮下: |
諸侯見天子曰臣某、侯某；其與民言，自稱曰寡人；其在凶服，曰適子孤。臨祭祀，內事曰孝子某侯某，外事曰曾孫某侯某。死曰薨，復曰某甫復矣。既葬見天子曰類見。言謚曰類。諸侯使人使於諸侯，使者自稱曰寡君之老。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When a feudal prince is about to be introduced to the son of Heaven, he is announced as 'your subject so-and-so, prince of such-and-such a state.' He speaks of himself to the people as 'the man of little virtue.' If he be in mourning (for his father), he is styled 'the rightful eldest son, an orphan;' if he be taking part at a sacrifice in his ancestral temple, 'the filial son, the prince of such-and-such a state, the prince so-and-so.' If it be another sacrifice elsewhere, the style is, 'so-and-so, prince of such-and-such a state, the distant descendant.' His death is described by the character hong (disappeared). In calling back (his spirit), they say, 'Return, sir so-and-so.' When he has been interred and (his son) is presented to the son of Heaven, the interview, (though special), is said to be 'of the same kind as the usual interviews.' The honorary title given to him is (also) said to be 'after the usual fashion.' When one prince sends a message to another, the messenger speaks of himself as 'the ancient of my poor ruler.' |
| | 曲禮下: |
列國之大夫，入天子之國曰某士；自稱曰陪臣某。於外曰子，於其國曰寡君之老。使者自稱曰某。 |
| Qu Li II: |
A Great officer any of the states, entering the state of the son Heaven, was called 'the officer of such-and-such state)' and styled himself 'your subsidiary minister.' Outside (his own state), he was called 'sir;' and in that state, 'the ancient of our poor ruler.' A messenger (to any state) called himself 'so-and-so.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
大夫吊，當事而至，則辭焉。吊於人，是日不樂。婦人不越疆而吊人。行吊之日不飲酒食肉焉。吊於葬者必執引，若從柩及壙，皆執紼。喪，公吊之，必有拜者，雖朋友州里舍人可也。吊曰：「寡君承事。」主人曰：「臨。」君遇柩於路，必使人吊之。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
If a Great officer pay a visit of condolence (to an ordinary officer), and he arrive when (the latter) is occupied with the business of the occasion, an apology is made (for not coming to the gate to receive him). When one has paid a visit of condolence, he should not on the same day show manifestations of joy. A wife should not go beyond the boundaries of the state on a visit of condolence. On the day when he has made a visit of condolence, one should not drink spirits nor eat flesh. When one pays a visit of condolence, and the arrangements for the funeral are going on, he should take hold of the ropes (attached to the car). Those who follow to the grave should take hold of those attached to the coffin. During the mourning rites, if the ruler send a message of condolence, there must be some one to acknowledge it, by bowing to the messenger. A friend, or neighbour, or even a temporary resident in the house, may perform the duty. The message is announced in the words: 'Our unworthy ruler wishes to take part in your (sad) business.' The chief mourner responds: 'We acknowledge your presence with his message.' When a ruler meets a bier on the way, he must send some one to present his condolences (to the chief mourner). |
| | 檀弓下: |
仕而未有祿者：君有饋焉曰獻，使焉曰寡君；違而君薨，弗為服也。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
When one receives no salary for the official duties which he performs, and what the ruler sends to him is called 'an offering,' while the messenger charged with it uses the style of our unworthy ruler;' if such an one leave the state, and afterwards the ruler dies, he does not wear mourning for him. |
| | 檀弓下: |
邾婁考公之喪，徐君使容居來吊含，曰：「寡君使容居坐含進侯玉，其使容居以含。」有司曰：「諸侯之來辱敝邑者，易則易，于則于，易于雜者未之有也。」容居對曰：「容居聞之：事君不敢忘其君，亦不敢遺其祖。昔我先君駒王西討濟於河，無所不用斯言也。容居，魯人也，不敢忘其祖。」 |
| Tan Gong II: |
At the mourning rites for the duke Kao of Zhu-lou, the ruler of Xu sent Rong Ju with a message of condolence, and with the articles to fill the mouth of the deceased. 'My unworthy ruler,' said he, 'hath sent me to kneel and put the jade for a marquis which he has presented into your (deceased) ruler's mouth. Please allow me to kneel and do so.' The officers of Ju replied, 'When any of the princes has deigned to send or come to our poor city, the observances have been kept according to their nature, whether simple and easy, or troublesome and more difficult; but such a blending of the easy and troublesome as in your case, we have not known.' Rong Ju replied, 'I have heard that in the service of his ruler one should not forget that ruler, nor be oblivious of his ancestral (rules). Formerly, our ruler, king Ju, in his warlike operations towards the west, in which he crossed the He, everywhere used this style of speech. I am a plain, blunt man, and do not presume to forget his example.' |
| | 玉藻: |
凡自稱：天子曰予一人，伯曰天子之力臣。諸侯之於天子曰某土之守臣某，其在邊邑，曰某屏之臣某。其於敵以下曰寡人，小國之君曰孤，擯者亦曰孤。上大夫曰下臣，擯者曰寡君之老，下大夫自名，擯者曰寡大夫。世子自名，擯者曰寡君之適，公子曰臣孽。士曰傳遽之臣，於大夫曰外私。大夫私事使，私人擯則稱名，公士擯則曰寡大夫、寡君之老。大夫有所往，必與公士為賓也。 |
| Yu Zao: |
When they spoke of themselves, the style of the son of Heaven was, 'I, the One man;' a chief of regions described himself as 'The strong minister of the son of Heaven;' the relation of a feudal lord expressed itself by 'So and So, the guardian of such and such a territory.' If the fief were on the borders, he used the style, 'So and So, the minister in such and such a screen.' Among his equals and those below him, he called himself 'The man of little virtue.' The ruler of a small state called himself 'The orphan.' The officer who answered for him (at a higher court) also styled him so. A Great officer of the highest grade (at his own court), called himself 'Your inferior minister;' (at another court), his attendant who answered for him, described him as 'The ancient of our poor ruler.' A Great officer of the lowest grade (at his own court), called himself by his name; (at another court), his attendant described him as 'Our unworthy Great officer.' The son and heir of a feudal prince (at his own court), called himself by his name; (at another court), his attendant described him as 'The rightful son of our unworthy ruler.' A ruler's son (by an inferior lady) called himself 'Your minister, the shoot from the stock.' An (ordinary) officer styled himself 'Your minister, the fleet courier;' to a Great officer, he described himself as 'The outside commoner.' When a Great officer went on a mission about private affairs, a man of his private establishment went with him as his spokesman, and called him by his name. When an officer belonging to the ruler's establishment acted (at another court for a Great officer), he spoke of him as 'Our unworthy Great officer,' or 'The ancient of our unworthy ruler.' When a Great officer went on any mission, it was the rule that he should have such an officer from the ruler's establishment with him, to answer for him. |
| | 雜記上: |
凡訃於其君，曰：「君之臣某死」；父母、妻、長子，曰：「君之臣某之某死」。君訃於他國之君，曰：「寡君不祿，敢告於執事。」；夫人，曰：「寡小君不祿。」；大子之喪，曰：「寡君之適子某死。」 |
| Za Ji I: |
In every announcement of a death to the ruler it was said, 'Your lordship's minister, so and so, has died. When the announcement was from a parent, a wife, or an eldest son, it was said, 'Your lordship's minister, my -----, has died.' In an announcement of the death of a ruler to the ruler of another state, it was said, 'My unworthy ruler has ceased to receive his emoluments. I venture to announce it to your officers.' If the announcement were about the death of his wife, it was said, 'The inferior partner of my poor ruler has ceased to receive her emoluments.' On the death of a ruler's eldest son, the announcement ran, 'The heir-Son of my unworthy ruler, so and so, has died.' |
| | 雜記上: |
吊者即位於門西，東面；其介在其東南，北面西上，西於門。主孤西面。相者受命曰：「孤某使某請事。」客曰：「寡君使某，如何不淑！」相者入告，出曰：「孤某須矣。」吊者入，主人升堂，西面。吊者升自西階，東面，致命曰：「寡君聞君之喪，寡君使某，如何不淑！」子拜稽顙，吊者降，反位。 |
| Za Ji I: |
When one came (from another ruler) with a message of condolence, he took his place outside, on the west of the gate, with his face to the east. The chief officer attending him was on the south-east of him, with his face to the north, inclining to the west, and west from the gate. The orphan mourner, with his face to the west, gave his instructions to the officer waiting on him, who then went to the visitor and said, 'My orphaned master has sent me to ask why you have given yourself this trouble,' to which the visitor replies, 'Our ruler has sent me to ask for your master in his trouble.' With this reply the officer returned to the mourner and reported it, returning and saying, 'My orphaned master is waiting for you.' On this the visitor advanced. The mourning host then went up to the reception hall by the steps on the east, and the visitor by those on the west. The latter, with his face to the east, communicated his message, saying, 'Our ruler has heard of the bereavement you have sustained, and has sent me to ask for you in your sorrows.' The mourning son then bowed to him, kneeling with his forehead to the ground. The messenger then descended the steps, and returned to his place. |
| | 雜記上: |
含者執璧將命曰：「寡君使某含。」相者入告，出曰：「孤某須矣。」含者入，升堂，致命。再拜稽顙。含者坐委于殯東南，有葦席；既葬，蒲席。降，出，反位。宰朝服，即喪屨升自西階，西面，坐取璧，降自西階以東。 |
| Za Ji I: |
The attendant charged with the jade for the mouth of the deceased, and holding it in his hands flat round piece of jade communicated his instructions, saying, 'Our ruler has sent me with the gem for the mouth.' The officer in waiting went in and reported the message, then returning and saying, 'Our orphaned master is waiting for you.' The bearer of the gem then advanced, ascended the steps, and communicated his message. The son bowed to him, with his forehead to the ground. The bearer then knelt, and placed the gem on the south-east of the coffin, upon a phragmites mat; but if the interment had taken place, on a typha mat. After this, he descended the steps, and returned to his place, The major-domo, in his court robes, but still wearing his mourning shoes, then ascended the western steps, and kneeling with his face to the west, took up the piece of jade, and descending by the same steps, went towards the east (to deposit it in the proper place). |
| | 雜記上: |
襚者曰：「寡君使某襚。」相者入告，出曰：「孤某須矣。」襚者執冕服；左執領，右執要，入，升堂致命曰：「寡君使某襚。」子拜稽顙。委衣於殯東。襚者降，受爵弁服於門內溜，將命，子拜稽顙，如初。受皮弁服於中庭。自西階受朝服，自堂受玄端，將命，子拜稽顙，皆如初。襚者降，出，反位。宰夫五人，舉以東。降自西階。其舉亦西面。 |
| Za Ji I: |
The officer charged with the grave-clothes said, 'Our ruler has sent me with the grave-clothes.' The officer in waiting, having gone in and reported, returned and said, 'Our orphaned master is waiting for you.' Then the other took up first the cap with the square top and robes, with his left hand holding the neck of the upper garment, and with his right the waist. He advanced, went up to the hall, and communicated his message, saying, 'Our ruler has sent me with the grave-clothes.' The son bowed to him, with his forehead to the ground; and when the bearer laid down the things on the east of the coffin, he then went down, and received the skin cap of the sparrow's-head colour, with the clothes belonging to it inside the gate, under the eaves. These he presented with the same forms; then the skin cap and clothes which he received in the middle of the courtyard; then the court robes; then the dark-coloured, square-cut garments, which he received at the foot of the steps on the west. When all these presentations were made, five men from the department of the major-domo took the things up, and going down the steps on the west, went away with them to the-east. They all took them up with their faces towards the west. |
