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Condition 1: References 於 (3.3): 介詞,相當於「比」。 Preposition: compared to. or coextensive terms Matched:60.
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先秦兩漢 - Pre-Qin and Han

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儒家 - Confucianism

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禮記 - Liji

[Warring States (475 BC - 221 BC)] English translation: James Legge [?]
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[Also known as: 《小戴禮記》, "The Classic of Rites"]

檀弓下 - Tan Gong II

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193 檀弓下:
孔子過泰山側,有婦人哭於墓者而哀,夫子式而聽之。使子貢問之曰:「子之哭也,壹似重有憂者。」而曰:「然,昔者吾舅死於虎,吾夫又死焉,今吾子又死焉。」夫子曰:「何為不去也?」曰:「無苛政。」夫子曰:「小子識之,苛政猛虎也。」
Tan Gong II:
In passing by the side of mount Tai, Confucius came on a woman who was wailing bitterly by a grave. The Master bowed forward to the cross-bar, and hastened to her; and then sent Zi-lu to question her. 'Your wailing,' said he, 'is altogether like that of one who has suffered sorrow upon sorrow.' She replied, ' It is so. Formerly, my husband's father was killed here by a tiger. My husband was also killed (by another), and now my son has died in the same way.' The Master said, 'Why do you not leave the place?' The answer was, 'There is no oppressive government here.' The Master then said (to the disciples), 'Remember this, my little children. Oppressive government is more terrible than tigers.'

祭統 - Ji Tong

English translation: James Legge [?]
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[Also known as: "A summary account of sacrifices"]

1 祭統:
凡治人之道,莫急於禮。禮有五經,莫重祭。夫祭者,非物自外至者也,自中出生於心也;心怵而奉之以禮。是故,唯賢者能盡祭之義。
Ji Tong:
Of all the methods for the good ordering of men, there is none more urgent than the use of ceremonies. Ceremonies are of five kinds, and there is none of them more important than sacrifices. Sacrifice is not a thing coming to a man from without; it issues from within him, and has its birth in his heart. When the heart is deeply moved, expression is given to it by ceremonies; and hence, only men of ability and virtue can give complete exhibition to the idea of sacrifice.

10 祭統:
夫祭有三重焉:獻之屬,莫重裸,聲莫重升歌,舞莫重《武宿夜》,此周道也。凡三道者,所以假於外而以增君子之志也,故與志進退;志輕則亦輕,志重則亦重。輕其志而求外之重也,雖聖人弗能得也。是故君子之祭也,必身自盡也,所以明重也。道之以禮,以奉三重,而薦諸皇尸,此聖人之道也。
Ji Tong:
At a sacrifice there were three things specially important. Of the offerings there was none more important than the libation; of the music there was none more important than the singing in the hall. above; of the pantomimic evolutions there was none more important than that representing (king) Wu's (army) on the night (before his battle). Such was the practice of the Zhou dynasty. All the three things were designed to increase the aim of the superior man by the use of these external representations. Hence their movements in advancing and retreating were regulated by (the degree of) that aim. If it were less intense, they were lighter; if it were more intense, they were more vehement. If the aim were less intense, and they sought to make the outward representation more vehement, even a sage could not have accomplished this. Therefore the superior man, in sacrificing, exerted himself to the utmost in order to give clear expression to these more important things. He conducted everything according to the rules of ceremony, thereby giving prominent exhibition to them, and displaying them to the august personator - Such was the method of the sages.

26 祭統:
凡祭有四時:春祭曰礿,夏祭曰禘,秋祭曰嘗,冬祭曰烝。礿、禘,陽義也;嘗、烝,陰義也。禘者陽之盛也,嘗者陰之盛也。故曰:莫重禘、嘗。古者於禘也,發爵賜服,順陽義也;於嘗也,出田邑,發秋政,順陰義也。故記曰:「嘗之日,發公室,示賞也;草艾則墨;未發秋政,則民弗敢草也。」故曰:禘、嘗之義大矣。治國之本也,不可不知也。明其義者君也,能其事者臣也。不明其義,君人不全;不能其事,為臣不全。
Ji Tong:
For the sacrifices (in the ancestral temple) there were the four seasons. That in spring was called yue; that in summer, di; that in autumn, chang; and that in winter, zheng. The yue and di expressed the idea in the bright and expanding (course of nature); the chang and zheng, that in the sombre and contracting (course). The di showed the former in its fullest development, and the chang showed the latter in the same. Hence it is said, 'There is nothing more important than the di and chang.' Anciently, at the di sacrifice, they conferred rank, and bestowed robes - acting according to the idea in the bright and expanding (course); and at the khang they gave out fields and homesteads, and issued the rules of autumn-work - acting according to the idea in the sombre and contracting (course). Hence it is said in the Record, 'On the day of the chang sacrifice they gave forth (the stores of) the ruler's house;' showing how rewards (were then given). When the plants were cut down, the punishment of branding might be inflicted. Before the rules of autumn-work were issued, the people did not dare to cut down the grass. Hence it is said that 'the ideas in the di and chang are great, and lie at the, foundation of the government of a state; and should by all means be known.' It is for the ruler to know clearly those ideas, and for the minister to be able to execute (what they require). The ruler who does not know the ideas is not complete, and the minister who cannot carry them into execution is not complete.

春秋繁露 - Chun Qiu Fan Lu

[Western Han (206 BC - 9)] Dong Zhong Shu
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玉杯

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1 玉杯:
《春秋》譏文公以喪取。難者曰:「喪之法,不過三年。三年之喪,二十五月。今按經,文公乃四十一月方取。取時無喪,出其法也久矣。何以謂之喪取。」曰:春秋之論事,莫重誌。今取必納幣,納幣之月在喪分,故謂之喪取也。且文公以秋祭,以冬納幣,皆失於太蚤。《春秋》不譏其前,而顧譏其後,必以三年之喪,肌膚之情也。雖從俗而不能終,猶宜未平於心。今全無悼遠之志,反思念取事,是《春秋》之所甚疾也。故譏不出三年於首而已,譏以喪取也。不別先後,賤其無人心也。緣此以論禮,禮之所重者在其誌。誌敬而節具,則君子予之知禮。誌和而音雅,則君子予之知樂。誌哀而居約,則君子予之知喪。故曰:非虛加之,重誌之謂也。誌為質,物為文。文著於質,質不居文,文安施質?質文兩備,然後其禮成。文質偏行,不得有我爾之名。俱不能備而偏行之,寧有質而無文。雖弗予能禮,尚少善之,介葛廬來是也。有文無質,非直不子,乃少惡之,謂州公實來是也。然則《春秋》之序道也,先質而後文,右誌而左物。「禮云禮云,玉帛云乎哉?」推而前之,亦宜曰:朝云朝云,辭令云乎哉?「樂云樂云,鐘鼓云乎哉?」引而後之,亦宜曰:喪雲喪雲,衣服雲乎哉?是故孔子立新王之道,明其貴誌以反和,見其好誠以滅偽。其有繼周之弊,故若此也。

身之養重於義

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1 身之養重... :
天之生人也,使人生義與利。利以養其體,義以養其心。心不得義不能樂,體不得利不能安。義者心之養也,利者體之養也。體莫貴心,故養莫重義,義之養生人大於利。奚以知之?今人大有義而甚無利,雖貧與賤,尚榮其行,以自好而樂生,原憲、曾、閔之屬是也。人甚有利而大無義,雖甚富,則羞辱大惡。惡深,非立死其罪者,即旋傷殃憂爾,莫通能以樂生而終其身,刑戮夭折之民是也。夫人有義者,雖貧能自樂也。而大無義者,雖富莫能自存。吾以此實義之養生人,大於利而厚於財也。民不能知而常反之,皆忘義而殉利,去理而走邪,以賊其身而禍其家。此非其自為計不忠也,則其知之所不能明也。今握棗與錯金,以示嬰兒,嬰兒必取棗而不敢金也。握一斤金與千萬之珠,以示野人,野人必取金而不敢珠也。故物之於人,小者易知也,其於大者難見也。今利之於人小而義之於人大者,無怪民之皆趨利而不趨義也,固其所暗,故民不陷。《》云:「示我顯德行。」此之謂也。先王顯德以示民,民樂而歌之以為詩,說而化之以為欲。故不令而自行,不禁而自止,從上之意,不待使之,若自然矣。故曰:聖人天地動、四時化者,非有他也,其見義大故能動,動故能化,化故能大行,化大行故法不犯,法不犯故刑不用,刑不用則堯舜之功德。此大治之道也,先聖傅授而複也。故孔子曰:「誰能出不由戶,何莫由斯道也。」今不示顯德行,民暗於義,不能;迷於道不能解,因欲大嚴以必正之,直殘賊天民而薄主德耳,其勢不行。仲尼曰:「國有道,雖加刑,無刑也。國無道,雖殺之,不可勝也。」其所謂有道無道者,示之以顯德行與不示爾。

五行對

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1 五行對:
河閒獻王問溫城董君曰:「《孝經》曰『夫孝,天之經,地之義。』何謂也?」對曰:「天有五行,木火土金水是也。木生火,火生土,土生金,金生水。水為冬,金為秋,土為季夏,木為春。春主生,夏主長,季夏主養,秋主收,冬主藏。藏,冬之所成也。是故父之所生,其子長之;父之所長,其子養之;父之所養,其子成之。諸父所為,其子皆奉承而續行之,不敢不致如父之意,盡為人之道也。故五行者,五行也。由此觀之,父授之,子受之,乃天之道也。故曰:夫孝者,天之經也。此之謂也。」王曰:「善哉。天經既得聞之矣,願聞地之義。」對曰:「地出雲為雨,起氣為風。風雨者,地之所為。地不敢有其功名,必上之於天。命若從天氣者,故曰天風天雨也,莫曰地風地雨也。勤勞在地,名一歸於天,非至有義,其孰能行此?故下事上,如地事天也,可謂大忠矣。土者,火之子也。五行莫貴土。土之於四時無所命者,不與火分功名。木名春,火名夏,金名秋,水名冬。忠臣之義,孝子之行,取之土。土者,五行最貴者也,其義不可以加矣。五聲莫貴宮,五味莫美於甘,五色莫盛於黃,此謂孝者地之義也。」王曰:「善載!」

五行之義

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1 五行之義:
天有五行:一曰木,二曰火,三曰土,四曰金,五曰水。木,五行之始也;水,五行之終也;土,五行之中也。此其天次之序也。木生火,火生土,土生金,金生水,水生木,此其父子也。木居左,金居右,火居前,水居後,土居中央,此其父子之序,相受而布。是故木受水,而火受木,土受火,金受土,水受金也。諸授之者,皆其父也;受之者,皆其子也。常因其父以使其子,天之道也。是故木已生而火養之,金已死而水藏之,火樂木而養以陽,水克金而喪以陰,土之事火竭其忠。故五行者,乃孝子忠臣之行也。五行之為言也,猶五行與?是故以得辭也,聖人知之,故多其愛而少嚴,厚養生而謹送終,就天之制也。以子而迎成養,如火之樂木也。喪父,如水之克金也。事君,若土之敬天也。可謂有行人矣。五行之隨,各如其序,五行之官,各致其能。是故木居東方而主春氣,火居南方而主夏氣,金居西方而主秋氣,水居北方而主冬氣。是故木主生而金主殺,火主暑而水主寒,使人必以其序,官人必以其能,天之數也。土居中央,為之天潤。土者,天之股肱也。其德茂美,不可名以一時之事,故五行而四時者。土兼之也。金木水火雖各職,不因土,方不立,若酸咸辛苦之不因甘肥不能成味也。甘者,五味之本也;土者,五行之主也。五行之主土氣也,猶五味之有甘肥也,不得不成。是故聖人之行,莫貴忠,土德之謂也。人官之大者,不名所職,相其是矣。天官之大者,不名所生,土是矣。

人副天數

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1 人副天數:
天德施,地德化,人德義。天氣上,地氣下,人氣在其間。春生夏長,百物以同;秋殺冬收,百物以藏。故莫精於氣,莫富於地,莫神於天。天地之精所以生物者,莫貴人。人受命乎天也,故超然有以倚。物疾莫能為仁義,唯人獨能為仁義;物疾莫能偶天地,唯人獨能偶天地。人有三百六十節,偶天之數也;形體骨肉,偶地之厚也。上有耳目聰明,日月之象也;體有空穹進脈,川谷之象也;心有哀樂喜怒,神氣之類也。觀人之禮一,何高物之甚,而類於天也。物旁折取天之陰陽以生活耳,而人乃爛然有文理。是故凡物之形,莫不伏從旁折天地而行,人獨題直立端尚,正正當之。是故所取天地少者,旁折之;所取天地多者,正當之。此見人之絕於物而參天地。是故人之身,首而員,象天容也;發,象星辰也;耳目戾戾,象日月也;鼻口呼吸,象風氣也;胸中達知,象神明也,腹胞實虛,象百物也。百物者最近地,故要以下,地也。天地之象,以要為帶。頸以上者,精神尊嚴,明天類之狀也;頸而下者,豐厚卑辱,土壤之比也。足布而方,地形之象也。是故禮,帶置紳必直其頸,以別心也。帶而上者盡為陽,帶而下者盡為陰,陽,天氣也;陰,地氣也。故陰陽之動,使人足病,喉起,則地氣痹起,則地氣上為雲雨,而象亦應之也。天地之符,陰陽之副,常設於身,身猶天也,數與之相參,故命與之相連也。天以終歲之數,成人之身,故小節三百六十六,副日數也;大節十二分,副月數也;內有五藏,副五行數也;外有四肢,副四時數也;乍視乍瞑,副晝夜也;乍剛乍柔,副冬夏也;乍哀乍樂,副陰陽也;心有計慮,副度數也;行有倫理,副天地也。此皆暗膚著身,與人俱生,比而偶之合。於其可數也,副數;不可數者,副類。皆當同而副天,一也。是故陳其有形以著其無形者,拘其可數以著其不可數者。以此言道之,亦宜以類相應,猶其形也,以數相中也。

郊事對

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1 郊事對:
廷尉臣湯昧死言:臣湯承制,以郊事問故膠西相仲舒。臣仲舒對曰:「所聞古者天子之禮,莫重郊。郊常以正月上辛者,所以先百神而最居前。禮,三年喪,不祭其先,而不敢廢郊。郊重於宗廟,天尊於人也。《王制》曰:『祭天地之牛繭栗,宗廟之牛握,賓客之牛尺。』此言德滋美而牲滋微也。《春秋》曰:『魯祭周公,用白牡。』色白貴純也。帝牲在滌三月,牲貴肥潔,而不貪其大也。凡養牲之道,務在肥潔而已。駒犢未能勝爭芻豢之食,莫如令食其母便。」臣湯謹問仲舒:「魯祀周公用白牲,非禮也?」「周公子用,群公不毛。周公,諸公也,何以得用純牲?」臣仲舒對曰:「武王崩,成王立而在襁褓之中,周公繼文武之業,成二聖之功,德漸天地,澤被四海,故成王賢而貴之。《》云:『無德不報。』故成王使祭周公以白牡,上不得與天子同色,下有異於諸侯。臣仲舒愚以為報德之禮。」臣湯問仲舒:「天子祭天,諸侯祭土,魯何緣以祭郊?」臣仲舒對曰:「周公傅成王,成王遂及聖,功莫大於此。周公,聖人也,有祭於天道。故成王令魯郊也。」臣湯問仲舒:「魯祭周公用白牡,其郊何用?」臣仲舒對曰:魯郊用純。周色上赤,魯以天子命郊,故以。」臣湯問仲舒:「祠宗廟或以鶩當鳧,鶩非鳧,可用否?」仲舒對曰:「鶩非鳧,鳧非鶩也。臣聞孔子入太廟,每事問,慎之至也。陛下祭躬親,齊戒沐浴,以承宗廟,甚敬謹,奈何以鳧當鶩,鶩當鳧?名實不相應,以承太廟,不亦不稱乎?臣仲舒愚以為不可。臣犬馬齒衰,賜骸骨,伏陋巷。陛下乃幸使九卿問臣以朝廷之事,臣愚陋。曾不足以承明詔,奉大對。臣仲舒昧死以聞。」

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