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《莊子 - Zhuangzi》

[Warring States] 350 BC-250 BC

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[Also known as: 《南華真經》]

《胠篋 - Cutting open Satchels》

English translation: James Legge ^[?]

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2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages Show additional information	胠篋:	故曰：「脣竭則齒寒，魯酒薄而邯鄲圍，聖人生而大盜起。」掊擊聖人，縱舍盜賊，而天下始治矣。夫川竭而谷虛，丘夷而淵實。聖人已死，則大盜不起，天下平而無故矣。聖人不死，大盜不止。雖重聖人而治天下，則是重利盜跖也。為之斗斛以量之，則並與斗斛而竊之；為之權衡以稱之，則並與權衡而竊之；為之符璽以信之，則並與符璽而竊之；為之仁義以矯之，則並與仁義而竊之。何以知其然邪？彼竊鉤者誅，竊國者為諸侯，諸侯之門，而仁義存焉，則是非竊仁義聖知邪？故逐於大盜，揭諸侯，竊仁義並斗斛、權衡、符璽之利者，雖有軒冕之賞弗能勸，斧鉞之威弗能禁。此重利盜跖而使不可禁者，是乃聖人之過也。故曰：「魚不可脫於淵，國之利器不可以示人。」彼聖人者，天下之利器也，非所以明天下也。故絕聖棄知，大盜乃止；擿玉毀珠，小盜不起；焚符破璽，而民朴鄙；掊斗折衡，而民不爭；殫殘天下之聖法，而民始可與論議。擢亂六律，鑠絕竽瑟，塞瞽曠之耳，而天下始人含其聰矣；滅文章，散五采，膠離朱之目，而天下始人含其明矣；毀絕鉤繩而棄規矩，攦工倕之指，而天下始人有其巧矣。故曰：「大巧若拙。」削曾、史之行，鉗楊、墨之口，攘棄仁義，而天下之德始玄同矣。彼人含其明，則天下不鑠矣；人含其聰，則天下不累矣；人含其知，則天下不惑矣；人含其德，則天下不僻矣。彼曾、史、楊、墨、師曠、工倕、離朱，皆外立其德，而以爚亂天下者也，法之所無用也。
	Cutting open Satchels:...:	Hence it is that we have the sayings, 'When the lips are gone the teeth are cold;' 'The poor wine of Lu gave occasion to the siege of Han-dan;' 'When sages are born great robbers arise.' Only when you destroy the sages and pardon all the thieves and robbers can the world begin to be ordered. When the stream is dried, the valley is empty; when the mound is levelled, the deep pool (beside it) is filled up. When the sages have died, the great robbers will not arise; the world would be at peace, and there would be no more troubles. While the sagely men have not died, great robbers will not cease to appear. The more right that is attached to (the views of) the sagely men for the government of the world, the more advantage will accrue to (such men as) the robber Kih. If we make for men pecks and bushels to measure (their wares), even by means of those pecks and bushels should we be teaching them to steal; if we make for them weights and steelyards to weigh (their wares), even by means of those weights and steelyards shall we be teaching them to steal. If we make for them tallies and seals to secure their good faith, even by means of those tallies and seals shall we be teaching them to steal. If we make for them benevolence and righteousness to make their doings correct, even by means of benevolence and righteousness shall we be teaching them to steal. How do I know that it is so? Here is one who steals a hook (for his girdle) - he is put to death for it: here is another who steals a state - he becomes its prince. But it is at the gates of the princes that we find benevolence and righteousness (most strongly) professed - is not this stealing benevolence and righteousness, sageness and wisdom? Thus they hasten to become great robbers, carry off princedoms, and steal benevolence and righteousness, with all the gains springing from the use of pecks and bushels, weights and steelyards, tallies and seals: even the rewards of carriages and coronets have no power to influence (to a different course), and the terrors of the axe have no power to restrain in such cases. The giving of so great gain to robbers (like) Zhi, and making it impossible to restrain them - this is the error committed by the sages. In accordance with this it is said, 'Fish should not be taken from (the protection of) the deep waters; the agencies for the profit of a state should not be shown to men.' But those sages (and their teachings) are the agencies for the profit of the world, and should not be exhibited to it. Therefore if an end were put to sageness and wisdom put away, the great robbers would cease to arise. If jade were put away and pearls broken to bits, the small thieves would not appear. If tallies were burned and seals broken in pieces, the people would become simple and unsophisticated. If pecks were destroyed and steelyards snapped in two, the people would have no wrangling. If the rules of the sages were entirely set aside in the world, a beginning might be made of reasoning with the people. If the six musical accords were reduced to a state of utter confusion, organs and lutes all burned, and the ears of the (musicians like the) blind Khwang stopped up, all men would begin to possess and employ their (natural) power of hearing. If elegant ornaments were abolished, the five embellishing colours disused and the eyes of (men like) Li Zhu glued up, all men would begin to possess and employ their (natural) power of vision. If the hook and line were destroyed, the compass and square thrown away, and the fingers of men (like) the artful Khui smashed, all men would begin to possess and employ their (natural) skill - as it is said, 'The greatest art is like stupidity.' If conduct such as that of Zeng (Shen) and Shi (Qiu) were discarded, the mouths of Yang (Zhu) and Mo (Di) gagged, and benevolence and righteousness seized and thrown aside, the virtue of all men would begin to display its mysterious excellence. When men possessed and employed their (natural) power of vision, there would be no distortion in the world. When they possessed and employed their (natural) power of hearing, there would be no distractions in the world. When they possessed and employed their (natural) faculty of knowledge, there would be no delusions in the world. When they possessed and employed their (natural) virtue, there would be no depravity in the world. Men like Zeng (Shen), Shi (Qiu), Yang (Zhu), Mo (Di), Shi Kuang (the musician), the artist Khui, and Li Zhu, all display their qualities outwardly, and set the world in a blaze (of admiration) and confound it - a method which is of no use!

《文子 - Wenzi》
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[Eastern Han - Jin] 212-231

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[Also known as: 《通玄真經》]

《上德》

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上德:

老子曰：道以無為有體，視之不見其形，聽之不聞其聲，謂之幽冥者。幽冥者，所以論道，而非道也。夫道者，內視而自反，故人不小學，不大迷，不小惠，不大愚。莫鑒於流潦，而鑒於止水，以其保之，止而不外蕩。月望日奪光，陰不可以承陽，日出星可見，不能與之爭光，末不可以強於本，枝不可以大於幹，上重下輕，其覆必易。一淵不兩蛟，一雌不二雄，一即定，兩即爭。玉在山而草木潤，珠生淵而岸不枯，蚯蚓無筋骨之強，爪牙之利，上食咘堁，下飲黃泉，用心一也。清之為明，杯水可見眸子，濁之為害，河水不見太山，蘭芷不為莫服而不芳，舟浮江海不為莫乘而沉，君子行道不為莫知而慍，性之有也。以清入濁必困辱，以濁入清必覆傾，天二氣即成虹，地二氣即泄藏，人二氣即生病，陰陽不能常，日冬且夏，月不知晝，日不知夜。川廣者魚大，山高者木脩，地廣者德厚，故魚不可以無餌釣，獸不可以空器召。山有猛獸，林木為之不斬，園有螫蟲，葵藿為之不採，國有賢臣，折衝千里，通於道者若車之轉於轂中，不運於己，與之致於千里，終而復始，轉無窮之原也。故舉枉與直，何如不得，舉直與枉，勿與遂往。有鳥將來，張羅而待之，得鳥者羅之一目，今為一目之羅，則無時得鳥，故事或不可前規，物或不可預慮，故聖人畜道待時也。故欲致魚者先通谷，欲來鳥者先樹木，水積而魚聚，木茂而鳥集，為魚得者，非挈而入淵也，為猿得者，非負而上木也，縱之所利而已。足所踐者淺，然待所不踐而後能行，心所知者遍，然待所不知而後能明。川竭而谷虛，丘夷而淵塞，脣亡而齒寒，河水深而讓在山。水靜則清，清則平，平則易，易則見物之形，形不可併，故可以為正。使葉落者，風搖之也，使水濁者，物撓之也，璧鍰之器，礛之功也，莫邪斷割，砥礪之力也，劲與驥致千里而不飛，無裹糧之資而不飢，狡兔得而獵犬烹，高鳥盡而良弓藏，名成功遂身退，天道然也。怒出於不怒，為出於不為，視於無有則得所見，聽於無聲則得所聞。飛鳥反鄉，兔走歸窟，狐死首丘，寒螿洋木，各依其所生也。水火相憎，鼎碛在其間，五味以和，骨肉相愛也，讒人間之，父子相危也。犬豕不擇器而食，俞肥其體，故近死，鳳皇翔於千仞，莫之能致。推固百內而不能自椓，目見百步之外而不能見其眥。因高為山即安而不危，因下為池即淵深而魚鱉歸焉。溝也澇即溢，旱即枯，河海之源淵深而不竭。鱉無耳，而目不可以蔽，精於明也；瞽無目，而耳不可以蔽，精於聰也。混混之水濁，可以濯吾足乎？泠泠之水清，可以濯吾纓乎？絲之為縞也，或為冠，或為远，冠則戴枝之，远則足蹍之。金之勢勝木，一刃不能殘一林之木；土之勢勝水，一掬不能塞江河；水之勢火，一酌不能救一車之薪。冬有雷，夏有雹，寒暑不變其節，霜雪麃麃，日出而流。傾易覆也，倚易翻也，幾易助也，濕易雨也，蘭芷以芳，不得見霜，蟾蜍塗兵，壽在五月之望，精泄者中易殘，華非時者不可食。舌之與齒，孰先弊焉？繩之與矢，孰先直焉？使影曲者形也，使響濁者聲也。與死同病者，難為良醫，與亡國同道者，不可為忠謀。使倡吹竽，使工攝竅，雖中節，以可使決，君形亡焉。聾者不歌，無以自樂，盲者不觀，無以接物。步於林者，不得直道，行於險者，不得履繩，海內其所出，故能大。日不並出，狐不二雄，神龍不匹，猛獸不群，鷙鳥不雙，蓋非橑不蔽日，輪非輻不追疾，橑輪未足恃也。弧弓能射，而非弦不發，發矢之為射，十分之一。飢馬在廄，漠然無聲，投芻其旁，爭心乃生。三寸之管無當，天下不能滿，十石而有塞，百竹而足。循繩而斷即不過，懸衡而量即不差，懸古法以類，有時而遂，杖格之漌，有時而施，是而行之，謂之亂。農夫勞而君子養，愚者言而智者擇，見之明白，處之如玉石，見之黯，必留其謀。百星之明，不如一月之光，十牖畢開，不如一戶之明。蝮蛇不可為足，虎不可為翼，今有六尺之廣，臥而越之，下才不難，立而踰之，上才不易，勢施異也。助祭者得嘗，救鬥者得傷，蔽於不祥之木，為雷霆所撲。日月欲明，濁雲蓋之，河水欲清，沙土穢之，叢蘭欲脩，秋風敗之，人性欲平，嗜欲害之，蒙塵而欲無眯，不可得絜。黃金龜紐，賢者以為佩，土壤布地，能者以為富，故與弱者金玉，不如與之尺素。轂虛而中立三十輻，各盡其力，使一輻獨入，眾輻皆棄，何近遠之能至。橘柚有鄉，萑葦有叢，獸同足者相從游，鳥同翼者相從翔。欲觀九州之地，足無千里之行，無政教之原，而欲為萬民上者，難矣！兇兇者獲，提提者射，故大白若辱，廣德若不足。君子有酒，小人鞭缶，雖不可好，亦可以醜，人之性，便衣綿帛，或射之即被甲，為所不便，以得其便也。三十輻共一轂，各直一鑿，不得相入，猶人臣各守其職也。善用人者，若●之足，眾而不相害，若舌之與齒，堅柔相磨而不相敗。石生而堅，茞生而芳，少而有之，長而逾明。扶之與提，謝之與讓，得之與失，諾之與已，相去千里。再生者不獲，華太早者不須霜而落。汙其準，粉其顙，腐鼠在阼，燒薰於堂，入水而增濡，懷臭而求芳，雖善者不能為工。冬冰可折，夏木可結，時難得而易失。木方盛，終日采之而復生，秋風下霜，一夕而零。質的張而矢射集，林木茂而斧斤入，非或召之也，形勢之所致。乳犬之噬虎，伏雞之搏狸，恩之所加，不量其力。夫待利而登溺者，亦必以將溺之矣，舟能浮能沈，愚者不知足焉。驥驅之不進，引之不止，人君不以取道里。水雖平，必有波，衡雖正，必有差，尺雖齊，必有危，非規矩不能定方員，非準繩無以正曲直，用規矩者，亦有規矩之心。太山之高，倍而不見，秋毫之末，視之可察。竹木有火，不鑽不熏，土中有水，不掘不出，矢之疾，不過二里，跬步不休，跛鱉千里，累土不止，丘山從成。臨河欲魚，不如歸而織網。弓先調而後求勁，馬先順而後求良，人先信而後求能。巧冶不能消木，良匠不能斲冰，物有不可，如之何君子不留意。使人無渡河，可，使河無波，不可。無月不辜，甑終不墮井矣。刺我行者，欲我交，呰我貨者，欲我市，行一棋不足以見知，彈一弦不足以為悲。今有一炭然，掇之爛绯，相近，萬石俱熏，去之十步而死，同氣而異積。有榮華者必有愁悴，上有羅紈下必有麻●，木大者根瞿，山高者基扶。

《雜家 - Miscellaneous Schools》

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《鄧析子 - Deng Xi Zi》

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《轉辭》

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轉辭:

夫川竭而谷虛，丘夷而淵實。聖人以死，大盜不起。天下平而故也。聖人不死，大盜不止。何以知其然？為之斗斛而量之，則并斗斛而竊之。為之權衡以平之，則并與權衡而竊之。為之符璽以信之，則并與符璽而竊之。為之仁義以教之，則并仁義而竊之。何以知其然？彼竊財誅，竊國者為諸侯。諸侯之門，仁義存焉。是非竊仁義邪？故遂於大盜，霸諸侯。此重利也盜跖所不可桀者，乃聖人之罪也。

《漢代之後 - Post-Han》
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《隋唐 - Sui-Tang》

《藝文類聚》

[Tang] 624

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《卷一百》

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《災異部》

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《祈雨》

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祈雨:

【文】《晉曹毗請雨文》曰：下邳內史曹毗，敬告山川諸靈，頃節運錯戾，旱亢陰消，川竭谷虛，石流山燋，天無纖雲，野有橫飆，盛夏應暑而或涼，草木無霜而自凋，遑遑農夫，輟耕田畔，悠悠舟人，頓楫川岸，雲根山積而中披，雨足垂零而復散，聖主當膳而減味，牧伯忘餐而過晏，民庶拊心而嚬蹙，搢紳不期而同歎，斯亦憂勤之極情，而明靈之達觀矣。