| | 節葬下: |
且故興天下之利，除天下之害，令國家百姓之不治也，自古及今，未嘗之有也。何以知其然也？今天下之士君子，將猶多皆疑惑厚葬久喪之為中是非利害也。」故子墨子言曰：「然則姑嘗稽之，今雖毋法執厚葬久喪者言，以為事乎國家。此存乎王公大人有喪者，曰棺槨必重，葬埋必厚，衣衾必多，文繡必繁，丘隴必巨；存乎匹夫賤人死者，殆竭家室；乎諸侯死者，虛車府，然後金玉珠璣比乎身，綸組節約，車馬藏乎壙，又必多為屋幕。鼎鼓几梴壺濫，戈劍羽旄齒革，挾而埋之，滿意。若送從，曰天子殺殉，眾者數百，寡者數十。將軍大夫殺殉，眾者數十，寡者數人。處喪之法將柰何哉？曰哭泣不秩聲翁，縗絰垂涕，處倚廬，寢苫枕塊，又相率強不食而為飢，薄衣而為寒，使面目陷陬，顏色黧黑耳目不聰明，手足不勁強，不可用也。又曰上士之操喪也，必扶而能起，杖而能行，以此共三年。若法若言，行若道使王公大人行此，則必不能蚤朝，五官六府，辟草木，實倉廩。使農夫行此。則必不能蚤出夜入，耕稼樹藝。使百工行此，則必不能修舟車為器皿矣。使婦人行此，則必不能夙興夜寐，紡績織紝。細計厚葬。為多埋賦之財者也。計久喪，為久禁從事者也。財以成者，扶而埋之；後得生者，而久禁之，以此求富，此譬猶禁耕而求穫也，富之說無可得焉。 |
| Simplicity in Funerals III:...: |
It has never happened, from ancient times to the present day, that benefits are procured, calamities averted for the world, and disorder among the people of the country is regulated by elaborate funerals and extended mourning. How do we know? For even at the present the gentlemen of the world are still doubtful whether elaborate funeral and extended mourning are right and beneficial. Mozi said: I have examined the sayings of those who uphold elaborate funeral and extended mourning. If they should be taken seriously in the country, it would mean: when a lord dies, there would be several inner and outer coffins. He would be buried deep. There would be many shrouds. Embroidery would be elaborate. The grave mound would be massive. So, then, the death of a common man would exhaust the wealth of a family. And the death of a feudal lord would empty the state treasury before his body would be surrounded with gold, jade, and pearls, and the grave filled with carts and horses and bundles of silk. Further, there should be plenty of canopies and hangings, dings, drums, tables, pots, and ice receptacles, spears, swords, feather banners, and hides all to be carried along and buried. Not till then are the requirements considered fulfilled. And, regarding those who were to die to accompany their lord, for the emperor or a feudal lord there should be from several hundred to several tens, and for a minister or secretary there should be from several tens to several. What are the rules to be observed by the mourner? He must weep without restraint and sound as if he is choking. Sackcloth is worn on the breast and hat of flax on the head. His tears and snivel are not to be wiped away. The mourner is to live in a mourning hut, sleep on a coarse mat of straw, and lay his head on a lump of earth. Then, he would be obliged to abstain from food in order to look hungry, and to wear little in order to look cold. The face and eyes are to look sunken and as if in fear, and the complexion is to appear dark. Ears and eyes are to become dull, and hands and feet to become weak and unusable. And, also, if the mourner is a high official, he has to be supported to rise, and lean on a cane to walk. And all this is to last three years. Adopting such a doctrine and practising such a principle rulers cannot come to court early (and retire late); the officials cannot attend to the five offices and six posts and encourage farming and forestry and fill the granaries; the farmers cannot start out early and come in late to cultivate the land and plant trees; the artisans cannot build boats and vehicles and make vessels and utensils; and the women cannot rise early and retire late to weave and spin. So, then, in elaborate funerals much wealth is buried, and in extended mourning abstention from work is prolonged. Wealth already produced is carried away into the grave. Child-bearing is postponed. To seek wealth in this way is like seeking a harvest by prohibiting farming. The way to wealth then is not here found. |
| | 節葬下: |
是故求以富家而既已不可矣，欲以眾人民，意者可邪？其說又不可矣。今唯無以厚葬久喪者為政，君死，喪之三年；父母死，喪之三年；妻與後子死者，五皆喪之三年；然後伯父叔父兄弟孽子其；族人五月；姑姊甥舅皆有月數。則毀瘠必有制矣，使面目陷陬，顏色黧黑，耳目不聰明，手足不勁強，不可用也。又曰上士操喪也，必扶而能起，杖而能行，以此共三年。若法若言，行若道，苟其飢約，又若此矣，是故百姓冬不仞寒，夏不仞暑，作疾病死者，不可勝計也。此其為敗男女之交多矣。以此求眾，譬猶使人負劍，而求其壽也。眾之說無可得焉。 |
| Simplicity in Funerals III:...: |
Now that the practice of elaborate funerals and extended mourning has failed to enrich the country perhaps it can yet increase the population? Again it is powerless. For if elaborate funeral and extended mourning are adopted as the rule, then upon the death of the emperor there will be three years' mourning, upon the death of a parent there will be three years' mourning, upon the death of the wife or the eldest son there will be three years' mourning. There will be three years' mourning for all five (relations). Besides, there will be one year for uncles, brothers, and the other sons; and five months for the near relatives, and also several months for aunts, sisters, nephews, and uncles on the mother's side. Further, there are set rules to emaciate one's health: the face and eyes are to look sunken and as if in fear, and the complexion is to appear dark. Ears and eyes are to become dull, and hands and feet are to become weak and unusable. And, also, if the mourner is a high official, he has to be supported to rise and lean on a cane to walk. And this is to last three years if such a doctrine is adopted and such a principle is practised. Being so hungry and weak, the people cannot stand the cold in winter and the heat in summer. And countless numbers will become sick and die. Sexual relations between husband and wife are prevented. To seek to increase the population by this way is like seeking longevity by thrusting one's self upon a sword. The way to dense population is not here found. |
| | 節葬下: |
是故求以眾人民，而既以不可矣，欲以治刑政，意者可乎？其說又不可矣。今唯無以厚葬久喪者為政，國家必貧，人民必寡，刑政必亂。若法若言，行若道，使為上者行此，則不能聽治；使為下者行此，則不能從事。上不聽治，刑政必亂；下不行1從事，衣食之財必不足。若苟不足，為人弟者，求其兄而不得不弟弟必將怨其兄矣；為人子者，求其親而不得，不孝子必是怨其親矣；為人臣者，求之君而不得，不忠臣必且亂其上矣。是以僻淫邪行之民，出則無衣也，入則無食也，內續奚吾，並為淫暴，而不可勝禁也。是故盜賊眾而治者寡。夫眾盜賊而寡治者，以此求治，譬猶使人三還而毋負己也，治之說無可得焉。 |
| Simplicity in Funerals III:...: |
Now that it has failed to increase the population, perhaps it can yet regulate jurisdiction? Again it is powerless. For, adopting elaborate funerals and extended mourning as a principle in government, the state will become poor, the people few, and the jurisdiction disorderly. Adopting such a doctrine and practising such a principle superiors cannot give attention to administration and subordinates cannot attend to their work. When the superiors are unable to give their attention to administration there will be disorder. When the subordinates are unable to attend to their work, the supply of food and clothing will be insufficient. When there is insufficiency, the undutiful younger brother will ask his older brother for help, and when he does not receive it he will hate the elder brother. The unfilial son will turn to his father for help and when he does not receive it he will spurn his father. And the disloyal minister will turn for help to his lord and when he does not receive it he will mock his lord. And vicious and immoral people will commit evil and immorality beyond control when they are without clothing abroad and without food at home. So, bandits and thieves will be numerous but law-abiding people few. Now, to seek order by multiplying the bandits and thieves and diminishing the law-abiding people is like demanding of a person not to present his back to you after making him turn around three times. The way to order is not here found. 1. 行 : Deleted. 孫詒讓《墨子閒詁》
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