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Scope: 皇朝通志
Condition : Contains text “觧”
Total 2

卷四十三

310
三老、五更之说,不见于《诗》、《书》,其见于《礼记》者,盖出于汉儒,非孔子之言,惟《左传》三老冻馁之文为最古,然《传》谓公聚朽蠧,而三老反不见养遇,非与五更相提并论也。注三老、五更者多矣。或谓上中下夀,或谓工、商、农而不及五更,或谓明天地人与五行之事,或谓取象三辰、五星,或谓知三徳、五事者,各以臆度不堪偻指矣。至蔡邕独㫁,乃有父事兄事之说,而《白虎通》之谬直以为老更各一人,且曰父一而已,不宜有三。吁可怪哉!天子养老,即所以教孝于天下,何至以父事之?且即其说父一而已,则天子已自有父,今复事一人,是非二父乎?腐儒执虚文而谬大义,真不直一噱耳。邕复更为叟谓豕亥之讹。夫叟与老同,既有老,又何藉叟为哉?予以谓三者,天地人之数,养老自以三举其数耳。若夫五更则更事之说为近,而五伦、五常莫不具于此,人数不必其备,行之以敬诚恺悌,则中和位育将在是矣。后儒一切穿凿之论,何足数哉!御制三老记》。
311
予既为三老、五更之说,以辟诸家之谬,然以三老之称数典于左氏,其何以称三老则求其而终不得其辞,兹以三馀之暇,书辟雍诗册有三老」之语,临池下恍然悟曰:三老之言,实出孟子,所谓老而无妻,老而无夫,老而无子,此非三老而何?孟子虽出左氏后,而此语自由古以传,故即继之曰:文王发政,施仁必先。斯四者可知文王时即有三老之称,左氏提其纲,孟子晰其目耳。且晏子对叔向叹齐之将为陈氏所云,公弃其民,三老冻馁,乃指一国鳏寡独穷之,民之无恤者,设以上夀中夀下夀论之,岂八十以下之老,即可以弗恤乎?其馀附㑹之论,愈说愈逺,然总于辟雍,养老兴贤,有何涉乎?自是而三老之称,徧于乡闾,所谓三老董公、壶闗三老之类,不一而足,盖耆艾而长于乡者,即可称三老而非定三人也。夫予三老、五更之说,成于戊戌,逮今又六年,求其说而不得,而笔下偶得之,是不可以不记,且此六年中何尝不读孟子,而未有㑹兹偶㑹之益见,理不可不日穷书,不可不日读宁,渠呈已之,是显人之非,以为博闻广识而已哉?

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