| | 告子上: |
孟季子問公都子曰：「何以謂義內也？」曰：「行吾敬，故謂之內也。」 |
| Gaozi I: |
The disciple Meng Ji asked Gong Du, saying, 'On what ground is it said that righteousness is internal?' Gong Du replied, 'We therein act out our feeling of respect, and therefore it is said to be internal.' |
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「鄉人長於伯兄一歲，則誰敬？」曰：「敬兄。」 |
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The other objected, 'Suppose the case of a villager older than your elder brother by one year, to which of them would you show the greater respect?' 'To my brother,' was the reply. |
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「酌則誰先？」曰：「先酌鄉人。」 |
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'But for which of them would you first pour out wine at a feast?' 'For the villager.' |
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「所敬在此，所長在彼，果在外，非由內也。」 |
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Meng Ji argued, 'Now your feeling of reverence rests on the one, and now the honour due to age is rendered to the other - this is certainly determined by what is without, and does not proceed from within.' |
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公都子不能答，以告孟子。孟子曰：「敬叔父乎？敬弟乎？彼將曰『敬叔父』。曰：『弟為尸，則誰敬？』彼將曰『敬弟。』子曰：『惡在其敬叔父也？』彼將曰『在位故也。』子亦曰：『在位故也。庸敬在兄，斯須之敬在鄉人。』」 |
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Gong Du was unable to reply, and told the conversation to Mencius. Mencius said, 'You should ask him, "Which do you respect most, your uncle, or your younger brother?" He will answer, "My uncle." Ask him again, "If your younger brother be personating a dead ancestor, to which do you show the greater respect, to him or to your uncle?" He will say, "To my younger brother." You can go on, "But where is the respect due, as you said, to your uncle?" He will reply to this, "I show the respect to my younger brother, because of the position which he occupies," and you can likewise say, "So my respect to the villager is because of the position which he occupies. Ordinarily, my respect is rendered to my elder brother; for a brief season, on occasion, it is rendered to the villager."' |
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季子聞之曰：「敬叔父則敬，敬弟則敬，果在外，非由內也。」 |
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Meng Ji heard this and observed, 'When respect is due to my uncle, I respect him, and when respect is due to my younger brother, I respect him; the thing is certainly determined by what is without, and does not proceed from within.' |
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公都子曰：「冬日則飲湯，夏日則飲水，然則飲食亦在外也？」 |
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Gong Du replied, 'In winter we drink things hot, in summer we drink things cold; and so, on your principle, eating and drinking also depend on what is external!' |
| | 曲禮上: |
若夫，坐如尸，立如齊。 |
| Qu Li I: |
If a man be sitting, let him do so as a personator of the deceased; if he be standing, let him do so (reverently), as in sacrificing. |
| | 曲禮上: |
為人子者，居不主奧，坐不中席，行不中道，立不中門。食饗不為概，祭祀不為尸。聽於無聲，視於無形。不登高，不臨深。不茍訾，不茍笑。 |
| Qu Li I: |
A son should not occupy the south-west corner of the apartment, nor sit in the middle of the mat (which he occupies alone), nor walk in the middle of the road, nor stand in the middle of the doorway. He should not take the part of regulating the (quantity of) rice and other viands at an entertainment. He should not act as personator of the dead at sacrifice. He should be (as if he were) hearing (his parents) when there is no voice from them, and as seeing them when they are not actually there. He should not ascend a height, nor approach the verge of a depth; he should not indulge in reckless reviling or derisive laughing. |
| | 曲禮上: |
《禮》曰：「君子抱孫不抱子。」此言孫可以為王父尸，子不可以為父尸。為君尸者，大夫士見之，則下之。君知所以為尸者，則自下之，尸必式。乘必以几。 |
| Qu Li I: |
A rule of propriety says, 'A superior man may carry his grandson in his arms, but not his son.' This tells us that a grandson may be the personator of his deceased grandfather (at sacrifices), but a son cannot be so of his father. When a great officer or (other) officer sees one who is to personate the dead (on his way to the ancestral temple), he should dismount from his carriage to him. The ruler himself, when he recognises him, should do the same. The personator (at the same time) must bow forward to the cross-bar. In mounting the carriage, he must use a stool. |
| | 檀弓下: |
既封，主人贈，而祝宿虞尸。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
When the coffin has been let down into the grave, the chief mourner presents the (ruler's) gifts (to the dead in the grave), and the officer of prayer (returns beforehand) to give notice of the sacrifice of repose to him who is to personate the departed. |
| | 檀弓下: |
衛有大史曰柳莊，寢疾。公曰：「若疾革，雖當祭必告。」公再拜稽首，請於尸曰：「有臣柳莊也者，非寡人之臣，社稷之臣也，聞之死，請往。」不釋服而往，遂以襚之。與之邑裘氏與縣潘氏，書而納諸棺，曰：「世世萬子孫，無變也。」 |
| Tan Gong II: |
There was the grand historiographer of Wei, called Liu Zhuang, lying ill. The duke said, 'If the illness prove fatal, though I may be engaged at the time in sacrificing, you must let me know.' (It happened accordingly, and, on hearing the news), the duke bowed twice, laying his head to the ground, and begged permission from the personator of the dead, saying, 'There was the minister Liu Zhuang, not a minister of mine (merely), but a minister of the altars of the state. I have heard that he is dead, and beg leave to go (to his house).' On this, without putting off his robes, he went; and on the occasion presented them as his contribution (to the mourning rites). He also gave the deceased the towns of Qiu-shi and Xian-fan-shi by a writing of assignment which was put into the coffin, containing the words: 'For the myriads of his descendants, to hold from generation to generation without change.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
虞而立尸，有几筵。卒哭而諱，生事畢而鬼事始已。既卒哭，宰夫執木鐸以命于宮曰：「舍故而諱新。」自寢門至于庫門。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
At the sacrifice of Repose a personator of the dead is appointed, and a stool, with a mat and viands on it, is placed (for him). When the wailing is over, the name of the deceased is avoided. The service of him as living is over, and that for him in his ghostly state has begun. When the wailing is over, the cook, with a bell having a wooden clapper, issues an order throughout the palace, saying, 'Give up disusing the names of the former rulers, and henceforth disuse (only) the name of him who is newly deceased.' This was done from the door leading to the chambers to the outer gate. |
