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Scope: Pre-Qin and Han Request type: Paragraph
Condition 1: References 文 : Same as 「晉文公」: 姓名:姬重耳,在位前636-前628。 Duke Wen of Jin (ruled 636 BC-628 BC) Matched:25.
Total 22 paragraphs. Page 1 of 3. Jump to page 1 2 3

先秦兩漢 - Pre-Qin and Han

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儒家 - Confucianism

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孟子 - Mengzi

[Warring States] 340 BC-250 BC
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[Also known as: "The Works of Mencius"]

梁惠王上 - Liang Hui Wang I

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7 梁惠王上:
齊宣王問曰:「齊桓、晉文之事可得聞乎?」
Liang Hui Wang I:
The king Xuan of Qi asked, saying, 'May I be informed by you of the transactions of Huan of Qi, and Wen of Jin?'
孟子對曰:「仲尼之徒無道桓、之事者,是以後世無傳焉。臣未之聞也。無以,則王乎?」
Mencius replied, 'There were none of the disciples of Zhong Ni who spoke about the affairs of Huan and Wen, and therefore they have not been transmitted to these after-ages - your servant has not heard them. If you will have me speak, let it be about royal government.'
曰:「德何如,則可以王矣?」
The king said, 'What virtue must there be in order to attain to royal sway?'
曰:「保民而王,莫之能禦也。」
Mencius answered, 'The love and protection of the people; with this there is no power which can prevent a ruler from attaining to it.'
曰:「若寡人者,可以保民乎哉?」
The king asked again, 'Is such an one as I competent to love and protect the people?'
曰:「可。」
Mencius said, 'Yes.'
曰:「何由知吾可也?」
'How do you know that I am competent for that?'
曰:「臣聞之胡齕曰,王坐於堂上,有牽牛而過堂下者,王見之,曰:『牛何之?』對曰:『將以釁鐘。』王曰:『舍之!吾不忍其觳觫,若無罪而就死地。』對曰:『然則廢釁鐘與?』曰:『何可廢也?以羊易之!』不識有諸?」
'I heard the following incident from Hu He: "The king," said he, "was sitting aloft in the hall, when a man appeared, leading an ox past the lower part of it. The king saw him, and asked, Where is the ox going? The man replied, We are going to consecrate a bell with its blood. The king said, Let it go. I cannot bear its frightened appearance, as if it were an innocent person going to the place of death. The man answered, Shall we then omit the consecration of the bell ? The king said, How can that be omitted? Change it for a sheep." I do not know whether this incident really occurred.'
曰:「有之。」
The king replied, 'It did,'
曰:「是心足以王矣。百姓皆以王為愛也,臣固知王之不忍也。」
and then Mencius said, 'The heart seen in this is sufficient to carry you to the royal sway. The people all supposed that your Majesty grudged the animal, but your servant knows surely, that it was your Majesty's not being able to bear the sight, which made you do as you did.'
王曰:「然。誠有百姓者。齊國雖褊小,吾何愛一牛?即不忍其觳觫,若無罪而就死地,故以羊易之也。」
The king said, 'You are right. And yet there really was an appearance of what the people condemned. But though Qi be a small and narrow State, how should I grudge one ox? Indeed it was because I could not bear its frightened appearance, as if it were an innocent person going to the place of death, that therefore I changed it for a sheep.'
曰:「王無異於百姓之以王為愛也。以小易大,彼惡知之?王若隱其無罪而就死地,則牛羊何擇焉?」
Mencius pursued, 'Let not your Majesty deem it strange that the people should think you were grudging the animal. When you changed a large one for a small, how should they know the true reason? If you felt pained by its being led without guilt to the place of death, what was there to choose between an ox and a sheep?
王笑曰:「是誠何心哉?我非愛其財。而易之以羊也,宜乎百姓之謂我愛也。」
The king laughed and said, 'What really was my mind in the matter? I did not grudge the expense of it, and changed it for a sheep! There was reason in the people's saying that I grudged it.'
曰:「無傷也,是乃仁術也,見牛未見羊也。君子之於禽獸也,見其生,不忍見其死;聞其聲,不忍食其肉。是以君子遠庖廚也。」
'There is no harm in their saying so,' said Mencius. 'Your conduct was an artifice of benevolence. You saw the ox, and had not seen the sheep. So is the superior man affected towards animals, that, having seen them alive, he cannot bear to see them die; having heard their dying cries, he cannot bear to eat their flesh. Therefore he keeps away from his slaughter-house and cook-room.'
王說曰:「《》云:『他人有心,予忖度之。』夫子之謂也。夫我乃行之,反而求之,不得吾心。夫子言之,於我心有戚戚焉。此心之所以合於王者,何也?」
The king was pleased, and said, 'It is said in the Book of Poetry, "The minds of others, I am able by reflection to measure;" - this is verified, my Master, in your discovery of my motive. I indeed did the thing, but when I turned my thoughts inward, and examined into it, I could not discover my own mind. When you, Master, spoke those words, the movements of compassion began to work in my mind. How is it that this heart has in it what is equal to the royal sway?'
曰:「有復於王者曰:『吾力足以舉百鈞』,而不足以舉一羽;『明足以察秋毫之末』,而不見輿薪,則王許之乎?」
Mencius replied, 'Suppose a man were to make this statement to your Majesty: "My strength is sufficient to lift three thousand catties, but it is not sufficient to lift one feather; my eyesight is sharp enough to examine the point of an autumn hair, but I do not see a waggon-load of faggots;" would your Majesty allow what he said?'
曰:「否。」
'No,' was the answer,
「今恩足以及禽獸,而功不至於百姓者,獨何與?然則一羽之不舉,為不用力焉;輿薪之不見,為不用明焉,百姓之不見保,為不用恩焉。故王之不王,不為也,非不能也。」
on which Mencius proceeded, 'Now here is kindness sufficient to reach to animals, and no benefits are extended from it to the people. How is this? Is an exception to be made here? The truth is, the feather is not lifted , because strength is not used; the waggon-load of firewood is not seen, because the eyesight is not used; and the people are not loved and protected, because kindness is not employed. Therefore your Majesty's not exercising the royal sway, is because you do not do it, not because you are not able to do it.'
曰:「不為者與不能者之形何以異?」
The king asked, 'How may the difference between the not doing a thing, and the not being able to do it, be represented?
曰:「挾太山以超北海,語人曰『我不能』,是誠不能也。為長者折枝,語人曰『我不能』,是不為也,非不能也。故王之不王,非挾太山以超北海之類也;王之不王,是折枝之類也。老吾老,以及人之老;幼吾幼,以及人之幼。天下可運於掌。《》云:『刑于寡妻,至于兄弟,以御于家邦。』言舉斯心加諸彼而已。故推恩足以保四海,不推恩無以保妻子。古之人所以大過人者無他焉,善推其所為而已矣。今恩足以及禽獸,而功不至於百姓者,獨何與?權,然後知輕重;度,然後知長短。物皆然,心為甚。王請度之!抑王興甲兵,危士臣,構怨於諸侯,然後快於心與?」
Mencius replied,'In such a thing as taking the Tai mountain under your arm, and leaping over the north sea with it, if you say to people "I am not able to do it," that is a real case of not being able. In such a matter as breaking off a branch from a tree at the order of a superior, if you say to people "I am not able to do it," that is a case of not doing it, it is not a case of not being able to do it. Therefore your Majesty's not exercising the royal sway, is not such a case as that of taking the Tai mountain under your arm, and leaping over the north sea with it. Your Majesty's not exercising the royal sway is a case like that of breaking off a branch from a tree. Treat with the reverence due to age the elders in your own family, so that the elders in the families of others shall be similarly treated; treat with the kindness due to youth the young in your own family, so that the young in the families of others shall be similarly treated - do this, and the kingdom may be made to go round in your palm. It is said in the Book of Poetry, "His example affected his wife. It reached to his brothers, and his family of the State was governed by it." The language shows how king Wen simply took his kindly heart, and exercised it towards those parties. Therefore the carrying out his kindness of heart by a prince will suffice for the love and protection of all within the four seas, and if he do not carry it out, he will not be able to protect his wife and children. The way in which the ancients came greatly to surpass other men, was no other but this - simply that they knew well how to carry out, so as to affect others, what they themselves did. Now your kindness is sufficient to reach to animals, and no benefits are extended from it to reach the people. How is this? Is an exception to be made here? By weighing, we know what things are light, and what heavy. By measuring, we know what things are long, and what short. The relations of all things may be thus determined, and it is of the greatest importance to estimate the motions of the mind. I beg your Majesty to measure it. You collect your equipments of war, endanger your soldiers and officers, and excite the resentment of the other princes - do these things cause you pleasure in your mind?'
王曰:「否。吾何快於是?將以求吾所大欲也。」
The king replied, 'No. How should I derive pleasure from these things? My object in them is to seek for what I greatly desire.'
曰:「王之所大欲可得聞與?」王笑而不言。
Mencius said, 'May I hear from you what it is that you greatly desire?' The king laughed and did not speak.
曰:「為肥甘不足於口與?輕煖不足於體與?抑為采色不足視於目與?聲音不足聽於耳與?便嬖不足使令於前與?王之諸臣皆足以供之,而王豈為是哉?」
Mencius resumed, 'Are you led to desire it, because you have not enough of rich and sweet food for your mouth? Or because you have not enough of light and warm clothing for your body? Or because you have not enough of beautifully coloured objects to delight your eyes? Or because you have not voices and tones enough to please your ears? Or because you have not enough of attendants and favourites to stand before you and receive your orders? Your Majesty's various officers are sufficient to supply you with those things. How can your Majesty be led to entertain such a desire on account of them?'
曰:「否。吾不為是也。」
'No,' said the king; 'my desire is not on account of them.'
曰:「然則王之所大欲可知已。欲辟土地,朝秦楚,莅中國而撫四夷也。以若所為求若所欲,猶緣木而求魚也。」
Mencius added, 'Then, what your Majesty greatly desires may be known. You wish to enlarge your territories, to have Qin and Chu wait at your court, to rule the Middle Kingdom, and to attract to you the barbarous tribes that surround it. But doing what you do to seek for what you desire is like climbing a tree to seek for fish.'
王曰:「若是其甚與?」
The king said, 'Is it so bad as that?'
曰:「殆有甚焉。緣木求魚,雖不得魚,無後災。以若所為,求若所欲,盡心力而為之,後必有災。」
'It is even worse,' was the reply. 'If you climb a tree to seek for fish, although you do not get the fish, you will not suffer any subsequent calamity. But doing what you do to seek for what you desire, doing it moreover with all your heart, you will assuredly afterwards meet with calamities.'
曰:「可得聞與?」
The king asked, 'May I hear from you the proof of that?'
曰:「鄒人與楚人戰,則王以為孰勝?」
Mencius said, 'If the people of Zou should fight with the people of Chu, which of them does your Majesty think would conquer?'
曰:「楚人勝。」
'The people of Chu would conquer.'
曰:「然則小固不可以敵大,寡固不可以敵眾,弱固不可以敵彊。海內之地方千里者九,齊集有其一。以一服八,何以異於鄒敵楚哉?蓋亦反其本矣。今王發政施仁,使天下仕者皆欲立於王之朝,耕者皆欲耕於王之野,商賈皆欲藏於王之市,行旅皆欲出於王之塗,天下之欲疾其君者皆欲赴愬於王。其若是,孰能禦之?」
'Yes - and so it is certain that a small country cannot contend with a great, that few cannot contend with many, that the weak cannot contend with the strong. The territory within the four seas embraces nine divisions, each of a thousand li square. All Qi together is but one of them. If with one part you try to subdue the other eight, what is the difference between that and Zou's contending with Chu? For, with such a desire, you must turn back to the proper course for its attainment. Now if your Majesty will institute a government whose action shall be benevolent, this will cause all the officers in the kingdom to wish to stand in your Majesty's court, and all the farmers to wish to plough in your Majesty's fields, and all the merchants, both travelling and stationary, to wish to store their goods in your Majesty's market-places, and all travelling strangers to wish to make their tours on your Majesty's roads, and all throughout the kingdom who feel aggrieved by their rulers to wish to come and complain to your Majesty. And when they are so bent, who will be able to keep them back?'
王曰:「吾惛,不能進於是矣。願夫子輔吾志,明以教我。我雖不敏,請嘗試之。」
The king said, 'I am stupid, and not able to advance to this. I wish you, my Master, to assist my intentions. Teach me clearly; although I am deficient in intelligence and vigour, I will essay and try to carry your instructions into effect.'
曰:「無恆產而有恆心者,惟士為能。若民,則無恆產,因無恆心。苟無恆心,放辟,邪侈,無不為已。及陷於罪,然後從而刑之,是罔民也。焉有仁人在位,罔民而可為也?是故明君制民之產,必使仰足以事父母,俯足以畜妻子,樂歲終身飽,凶年免於死亡。然後驅而之善,故民之從之也輕。今也制民之產,仰不足以事父母,俯不足以畜妻子,樂歲終身苦,凶年不免於死亡。此惟救死而恐不贍,奚暇治禮義哉?王欲行之,則盍反其本矣。五畝之宅,樹之以桑,五十者可以衣帛矣;雞豚狗彘之畜,無失其時,七十者可以食肉矣;百畝之田,勿奪其時,八口之家可以無飢矣;謹庠序之教,申之以孝悌之義,頒白者不負戴於道路矣。老者衣帛食肉,黎民不飢不寒,然而不王者,未之有也。」
Mencius replied, 'They are only men of education, who, without a certain livelihood, are able to maintain a fixed heart. As to the people, if they have not a certain livelihood, it follows that they will not have a fixed heart. And if they have not a fixed heart, there is nothing which they will not do, in the way of self-abandonment, of moral deflection, of depravity, and of wild license. When they thus have been involved in crime, to follow them up and punish them - this is to entrap the people. How can such a thing as entrapping the people be done under the rule of a benevolent man? Therefore an intelligent ruler will regulate the livelihood of the people, so as to make sure that, for those above them, they shall have sufficient wherewith to serve their parents, and, for those below them, sufficient wherewith to support their wives and children; that in good years they shall always be abundantly satisfied, and that in bad years they shall escape the danger of perishing. After this he may urge them, and they will proceed to what is good, for in this case the people will follow after it with ease. Now, the livelihood of the people is so regulated, that, above, they have not sufficient wherewith to serve their parents, and, below, they have not sufficient wherewith to support their wives and children. Notwithstanding good years, their lives are continually embittered, and, in bad years, they do not escape perishing. In such circumstances they only try to save themselves from death, and are afraid they will not succeed. What leisure have they to cultivate propriety and righteousness? If your Majesty wishes to effect this regulation of the livelihood of the people, why not turn to that which is the essential step to it? Let mulberry-trees be planted about the homesteads with their five mu, and persons of fifty years may be clothed with silk. In keeping fowls, pigs, dogs, and swine, let not their times of breeding be neglected, and persons of seventy years may eat flesh. Let there not be taken away the time that is proper for the cultivation of the farm with its hundred mu, and the family of eight mouths that is supported by it shall not suffer from hunger. Let careful attention be paid to education in schools, the inculcation in it especially of the filial and fraternal duties, and grey-haired men will not be seen upon the roads, carrying burdens on their backs or on their heads. It never has been that the ruler of a State where such results were seen, the old wearing silk and eating flesh, and the black-haired people suffering neither from hunger nor cold, did not attain to the royal dignity.'

荀子 - Xunzi

[Warring States (475 BC - 221 BC)]
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議兵

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11 議兵:
故齊之技擊,不可以遇魏氏之武卒;魏氏之武卒,不可以遇秦之銳士;秦之銳士,不可以當桓之節制;桓之節制,不可以敵湯武之仁義;有遇之者,若以焦熬投石焉。兼是數國者,皆干賞蹈利之兵也,傭徒鬻賣之道也,未有貴上安制綦節之理也。諸侯有能微妙之以節,則作而兼殆之耳。故招近募選,隆埶詐,尚功利,是漸之也;禮義教化,是齊之也。故以詐遇詐,猶有巧拙焉;以詐遇齊,辟之猶以錐刀墮太山也,非天下之愚人莫敢試。故王者之兵不試。湯武之誅桀紂也,拱挹指麾,而強暴之國莫不趨使,誅桀紂若誅獨夫。故泰誓曰:「獨夫紂。」此之謂也。故兵大齊則制天下,小齊則治鄰敵。若夫招近募選,隆埶詐,尚功利之兵,則勝不勝無常,代翕代張,代存代亡,相為雌雄耳矣。夫是之謂盜兵,君子不由也。

春秋繁露 - Chun Qiu Fan Lu

[Western Han (206 BC - 9)] Dong Zhong Shu
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俞序

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1 俞序:
仲尼之作春秋也,上探正天端,王公之位,萬物民之所欲,下明得失,起賢才,以待後聖。故引史記,理往事,正是非,見王公。史記十二公之間,皆衰世之事,故門人惑。孔子曰:「吾因其行事而加乎王心焉。」以為見之空言,不如行事博深切明。故子貢、閔子、公肩子,言其切而為國家資也。其為切而至於殺君亡國,奔走不得保社稷,其所以然,是皆不明於道,不覽於《春秋》也。故衛子夏言,有國家者不可不學《春秋》,不學《春秋》,則無以見前後旁側之危,則不知國之大柄,君之重任也。故或脅窮失國,搶殺於位,一朝至爾。苟能述《春秋》之法,致行其道,豈徒除禍哉,乃堯舜之德也。故世子曰:「功及子孫,光輝百世,聖人之德,莫美於恕。」故予先言《春秋》詳己而異人,《春秋》之道,大得之則以王,小得之則以霸。故曾子、子石盛美齊侯,安諸侯,尊天子。霸王之道,皆本於仁。仁,天心,故次以天心。愛人之大者,莫大於思患而豫防之,故蔡得意於吳,魯得意於齊,而《春秋》皆不告,故次以言怨人不可邇,敵國不可狎,攘竊之國不可使久親,皆防患為民除患之意也。不愛民之漸乃至於死亡,故言楚靈王晉厲公生弒於位,不仁之所致也。故善宋襄公不厄人,不由其道而勝,不如由其道而敗,《春秋》貴之,將以變習俗而成王化也。故子夏言《春秋》重人,諸譏皆本此。或奢侈使人憤怨,或暴虐賊害人,終皆禍及身。故子池言魯莊築台,丹楹刻桷,晉厲之刑刻意者,皆不得以壽終。上奢侈,刑又急,皆不內恕,求備於人,故次以《春秋》緣人情,赦小過,而《傳》明之曰:「君子辭也。」孔子明得失,見成敗,疾時世之不仁,失王道之體,故緣人情,赦小過,《傳》又明之曰:「君子辭也。」孔子曰:「吾因行事,加吾王心焉。」假其位號以正人倫,因其成敗以明順逆,故其所善,則桓行之而遂,其所惡,則亂國行之終以敗,故始言大惡殺君亡國,終言赦小過,是亦始於麤粗,終於精微,教化流行,德澤大洽,天下之人,人有士君子之行而少過矣,亦譏二名之意也。

法家 - Legalism

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韓非子 - Hanfeizi

[Warring States (475 BC - 221 BC)]
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[Also known as: 《韓非》, 《韓子》]

南面

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3 南面:
不知治者,必曰:「無變古,毋易常。」變與不變,聖人不聽,正治而已。然則古之無變,常之毋易,在常古之可與不可。伊尹毋變殷,太公毋變周,則湯、武不王矣。管仲毋易齊,郭偃毋更晉,則桓、不霸矣。凡人難變古者,憚易民之安也。夫不變古者,襲亂之跡;適民心者,恣姦之行也。民愚而不知亂,上懦而不能更,是治之失也。人主者,明能知治,嚴必行之,故雖拂於民心立其治。說在商君之內外而鐵殳,重盾而豫戒也。故郭偃之始治也,文公有官卒;管仲始治也,桓公有武車;戒民之備也。是以愚贛窳墯之民,苦小費而忘大利也,故夤虎受阿謗。𨌑小變而失長便,故鄒賈非載旅。狎習於亂而容於治,故鄭人不能歸。

難三

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4 難三:
或曰:齊、晉絕祀,不亦宜乎!桓公能用管仲之功而忘射鉤之怨,文公能聽寺人之言而棄斬袪之罪,桓公、文公能容二子者也。後世之君,明不及二公;後世之臣,賢不如二子。以不忠之臣事不明之君。君不知,則有燕操、子罕、田常之賊;知之,則以管仲、寺人自解。君必不誅,而自以為有桓、之德,是臣讎而明不能燭,多假之資。自以為賢而不戒,則雖無後嗣,不亦可乎!且寺人之言也,直飾君令而不貳者,則是貞於君也。死君後生臣不愧而復為貞,今惠公朝卒而暮事文公,寺人之不貳何如?

史書 - Histories

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國語 - Guo Yu

[Warring States (475 BC - 221 BC)]
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楚語上

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8 楚語上:
靈王虐,白公子張驟諫。王患之,謂史老曰:「吾欲已子張之諫,若何?」對曰:「用之實難,已之易矣。若諫,君則曰:『余左執鬼中,右執殤宮,凡百箴諫,吾盡聞之矣,寧聞他言?』」
白公又諫,王若史老之言。對曰:「昔殷武丁能聳其德,至于神明,以入于河,自河徂亳,于是乎三年,默以思道。卿士患之,曰:『王言以出令也,若不言,是無所稟令也。』武丁于是作書,曰:「以余正四方,余恐德之不類,茲故不言。『如是而又使以象夢旁求四方之賢,得傅說以來,升以為公,而使朝夕規諫,曰:『若金,用女作礪。若津水,用女作舟。若天旱,用女作霖雨。啟乃心,沃朕心。若藥不瞑眩,厥疾不瘳。若跣不視地,厥足用傷。』若武丁之神明也,其聖之睿廣也,其智之不疚也,猶自謂未乂,故三年默以思道。既得道,猶不敢專制,使以象旁求聖人。既得以為輔,又恐其荒失遺忘,故使朝夕規誨箴諫,曰:『必交修余,無余棄也。』今君或者未及武丁,而惡規諫者,不亦難乎!
「齊桓、晉文,皆非嗣也,還軫諸侯,不敢淫逸,心類德音,以德有國。近臣諫,遠臣謗,輿人誦,以自誥也。是以其入也,四封不備一同,而至于有畿田,以屬諸侯,至于今為令君。桓、皆然,君不度憂于二令君,而欲自逸也,無乃不可乎?《周詩》有之曰:『弗躬弗親,庶民弗信。』臣懼民之不信君也,國外不敢不言。不然,何急其以言取罪也?」
王病之,曰:「子復語。不穀雖不能用,吾憖置之于耳。」對曰:「賴君用之也,故言。不然,巴浦之犀、犛、兕、象,其可盡乎,其又以規為瑱也?」遂趨而退,歸,杜門不出。七月,乃有乾溪之亂,靈王死之。

列女傳 - Lie Nü Zhuan

[Western Han (206 BC - 9)] Liu Xiang
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孽嬖

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魯桓文姜

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漢書 - Han Shu

[Xin - Eastern Han] 36-111
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[Also known as: 《前漢》]

Books referencing 《志》 Library Resources

刑法志

Books referencing 《刑法志》 Library Resources
5 刑法志:
春秋之後,滅弱吞小,並為戰國,稍增講武之禮,以為戲樂,用相夸視。而秦更名角抵,先王之禮沒於淫樂中矣。雄桀之士因勢輔時,作為權詐以相傾覆,吳有孫武,齊有孫臏,魏有吳起,秦有商鞅,皆禽敵立勝,垂著篇籍。當此之時,合從連衡,轉相攻伐,代為雌雄。齊愍以技擊彊,魏惠以武卒奮,秦昭以銳士勝。世方爭於功利,而馳說者以孫、吳為宗。時唯孫卿明於王道,而非之曰:「彼孫、吳者,上勢利而貴變詐;施於暴亂昏嫚之國,君臣有間,上下離心,政謀不良,故可變而詐也。夫仁人在上,為下所卬,猶子弟之衛父兄,若手足之扞頭目,何可當也?鄰國望我,歡若親戚,芬若椒蘭,顧視其上,猶焚灼仇讎。人情豈肯為其所惡而攻其所好哉?故以桀攻桀,猶有巧拙;以桀詐堯,若卵投石,夫何幸之有!《》曰:『武王載旆,有虔秉鉞,如火烈烈,則莫我敢遏。』言以仁誼綏民者,無敵於天下也。若齊之技擊,得一首則受賜金。事小敵鲧,則媮可用也;事鉅敵堅,則渙然離矣。是亡國之兵也。魏氏武卒,衣三屬之甲,操十二石之弩,負矢五十丢,置戈其上,冠冑帶劍,贏三日之糧,日中而趨百里,中試則復其戶,利其田宅。如此,則其地雖廣,其稅必寡,其氣力數年而衰。是危國之兵也。秦人,其生民也骥阨,其使民也酷烈。劫之以勢,隱之以阨,狃之以賞慶,道之以刑罰,使其民所以要利於上者,非戰無由也。功賞相長,五甲首而隸五家,是最為有數,故能四世有勝於天下。然皆干賞蹈利之兵,庸徒鬻賣之道耳,未有安制矜節之理也。故雖地廣兵彊,鰓鰓常恐天下之一合而共軋己也。至乎齊桓、晉文之兵,可謂入其域而有節制矣,然猶未本仁義之統也。故齊之技擊不可以遇魏之武卒,魏之武卒不可以直秦之銳士,秦之銳士不可以當桓、之節制,桓、之節制不可以敵湯、武之仁義。」

五行志

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五行志下之下

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10 五行志下... :
十五年「五月,日有食之」。劉向以為象晉文公將行伯道,後遂伐衛,執曹伯,敗楚城濮,再會諸侯,召天王而朝之,此其效也。日食者臣之惡也,夜食者掩其罪也,以為上亡明王,桓、能行伯道,攘夷狄,安中國,雖不正猶可,蓋春秋實與而文不與之義也。董仲舒以為後秦獲晉侯,齊滅項,楚敗徐于婁林。劉歆以為二月朔齊、越分。

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賈鄒枚路傳

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56 賈鄒枚路... :
臣聞齊有無知之禍,而桓公以興;晉有驪姬之難,而文公用伯。近世趙王不終,諸呂作難,而孝文為大宗。繇是觀之,禍亂之作,將以開聖人也。故桓扶微興壞,尊文武之業,澤加百姓,功潤諸侯,雖不及三王,天下歸仁焉。文帝永思至德,以承天心,崇仁義,省刑罰,通關梁,一遠近,敬賢如大賓,愛民如赤子,內恕情之所安,而施之於海內,是以囹圄空虛,天下太平。夫繼變化之後,必有異舊之恩,此賢聖所以昭天命也。往者,昭帝即世而無嗣,大臣憂戚,焦心合謀,皆以昌邑尊親,援而立之。然天不授命,淫亂其心,遂以自亡。深察禍變之故,乃皇天之所以開至聖也。故大將軍受命武帝,股肱漢國,披肝膽,決大計,黜亡義,立有德,輔天而行,然後宗廟以安,天下咸寧。

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