| | 滕文公下: |
匡章曰：“陈仲子岂不诚廉士哉？居于陵，三日不食，耳无闻，目无见也。井上有李，螬食实者过半矣，匍匐往将食之，三咽，然后耳有闻，目有见。” |
| Teng Wen Gong II: |
Kuang Zhang said to Mencius, 'Is not Chen Zhong a man of true self-denying purity? He was living in Wu Ling, and for three days was without food, till he could neither hear nor see. Over a well there grew a plum-tree, the fruit of which had been more than half eaten by worms. He crawled to it, and tried to eat some of the fruit, when, after swallowing three mouthfuls, he recovered his sight and hearing.' |
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孟子曰：“于齐国之士，吾必以仲子为巨擘焉。虽然，仲子恶能廉？充仲子之操，则蚓而后可者也。夫蚓，上食槁壤，下饮黄泉。仲子所居之室，伯夷之所筑与？抑亦盗跖之所筑与？所食之粟，伯夷之所树与？抑亦盗跖之所树与？是未可知也。” |
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Mencius replied, 'Among the scholars of Qi, I must regard Zhong as the thumb among the fingers. But still, where is the self-denying purity he pretends to? To carry out the principles which he holds, one must become an earthworm, for so only can it be done. Now, an earthworm eats the dry mould above, and drinks the yellow spring below. Was the house in which Zhong dwells built by a Bo Yi? or was it built by a robber like Zhi? Was the millet which he eats planted by a Bo Yi? or was it planted by a robber like Zhi? These are things which cannot be known.' |
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曰：“是何伤哉？彼身织屦，妻辟纑，以易之也。” |
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'But,' said Zhang, 'what does that matter? He himself weaves sandals of hemp, and his wife twists and dresses threads of hemp to sell or exchange them.' |
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曰：“仲子，齐之世家也。兄戴，盖禄万锺。以兄之禄为不义之禄而不食也，以兄之室为不义之室而不居也，辟兄离母，处于于陵。他日归，则有馈其兄生鹅者，己频顣曰：‘恶用是鶃鶃者为哉？’他日，其母杀是鹅也，与之食之。其兄自外至，曰：‘是鶃鶃之肉也。’出而哇之。以母则不食，以妻则食之；以兄之室则弗居，以于陵则居之。是尚为能充其类也乎？若仲子者，蚓而后充其操者也。” |
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Mencius rejoined, 'Zhong belongs to an ancient and noble family of Qi. His elder brother Dai received from Gai a revenue of 10,000 zhong, but he considered his brother's emolument to be unrighteous, and would not eat of it, and in the same way he considered his brother's house to be unrighteous, and would not dwell in it. Avoiding his brother and leaving his mother, he went and dwelt in Wu Ling. One day afterwards, he returned to their house, when it happened that some one sent his brother a present of a live goose. He, knitting his eyebrows, said, "What are you going to use that cackling thing for?" By-and-by his mother killed the goose, and gave him some of it to eat. Just then his brother came into the house, and said, "It is the flesh of that cackling thing," upon which he went out and vomited it. Thus, what his mother gave him he would not eat, but what his wife gives him he eats. He will not dwell in his brother's house, but he dwells in Wu Ling. How can he in such circumstances complete the style of life which he professes? With such principles as Zhong holds, a man must be an earthworm, and then he can carry them out.' |
| | 万章下: |
万章问曰：“敢问交际何心也？” |
| Wan Zhang II: |
Wan Zhang asked Mencius, saying, 'I venture to ask what feeling of the mind is expressed in the presents of friendship?' |
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孟子曰：“恭也。” |
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Mencius replied, 'The feeling of respect.' |
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曰：“却之却之为不恭，何哉？” |
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'How is it,' pursued Zhang, 'that the declining a present is accounted disrespectful?' |
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曰：“尊者赐之，曰‘其所取之者，义乎，不义乎”，而后受之，以是为不恭，故弗却也。” |
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The answer was, 'When one of honourable rank presents a gift, to say in the mind, "Was the way in which he got this righteous or not? I must know this before I can receive it" - this is deemed disrespectful, and therefore presents are not declined.' |
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曰：“请无以辞却之，以心却之，曰‘其取诸民之不义也’，而以他辞无受，不可乎？” |
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Wan Zhang asked again, 'When one does not take on him in so many express words to refuse the gift, but having declined it in his heart, saying, "It was taken by him unrighteously from the people," and then assigns some other reason for not receiving it - is not this a proper course?' |
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曰：“其交也以道，其接也以礼，斯孔子受之矣。” |
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Mencius said, 'When the donor offers it on a ground of reason, and his manner of doing so is according to propriety; in such a case Confucius would have received it.' |
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万章曰：“今有御人于国门之外者，其交也以道，其馈也以礼，斯可受御与？” |
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Wan Zhang said, 'Here now is one who stops and robs people outside the gates of the city. He offers his gift on a ground of reason, and does so in a manner according to propriety - would the reception of it so acquired by robbery be proper?' |
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曰：“不可。《》曰：‘杀越人于货，闵不畏死，凡民罔不憝。’是不待教而诛者也。殷受夏，周受殷，所不辞也。于今为烈，如之何其受之？” |
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Mencius replied, 'It would not be proper. In "The Announcement to Kang" it is said, "When men kill others, and roll over their bodies to take their property, being reckless and fearless of death, among all the people there are none but detest them" - thus, such characters are to be put to death, without waiting to give them warning. Yin received this rule from Xia and Zhou received it from Yin. It cannot be questioned, and to the present day is clearly acknowledged. How can the grift of a robber be received?' |
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曰：“今之诸侯取之于民也，犹御也。苟善其礼际矣，斯君子受之，敢问何说也？” |
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Zhang said, 'The princes of the present day take from their people just as a robber despoils his victim. Yet if they put a good face of propriety on their gifts, then the superior man receives them. I venture to ask how you explain this.' |
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曰：“子以为有王者作，将比今之诸侯而诛之乎？其教之不改而后诛之乎？夫谓非其有而取之者盗也，充类至义之尽也。孔子之仕于鲁也，鲁人猎较，孔子亦猎较。猎较犹可，而况受其赐乎？” |
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Mencius answered, 'Do you think that, if there should arise a truly royal sovereign, he would collect the princes of the present day, and put them all to death? Or would he admonish them, and then, on their not changing their ways, put them to death? Indeed, to call every one who takes what does not properly belong to him a robber, is pushing a point of resemblance to the utmost, and insisting on the most refined idea of righteousness. When Confucius was in office in Lu, the people struggled together for the game taken in hunting, and he also did the same. If that struggling for the captured game was proper, how much more may the gifts of the princes be received!' |
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曰：“然则孔子之仕也，非事道与？” |
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Zhang urged, 'Then are we to suppose that when Confucius held office, it was not with the view to carry his doctrines into practice?' |
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曰：“事道也。” |
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'It was with that view,' Mencius replied, |
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“事道奚猎较也？” |
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And Zhang rejoined, 'If the practice of his doctrines was his business, what had he to do with that struggling for the captured game?' |
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曰：“孔子先簿正祭器，不以四方之食供簿正。” |
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Mencius said, 'Confucius first rectified his vessels of sacrifice according to the registers, and did not fill them so rectified with food gathered from every quarter.' |
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曰：“奚不去也？” |
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'But why did he not go away?' |
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曰：“为之兆也。兆足以行矣，而不行，而后去，是以未尝有所终三年淹也。孔子有见行可之仕，有际可之仕，有公养之仕也。于季桓子，见行可之仕也；于卫灵公，际可之仕也；于卫孝公，公养之仕也。” |
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'He wished to make a trial of carrying his doctrines into practice. When that trial was sufficient to show that they could be practised and they were still not practised, then he went away, and thus it was that he never completed in any State a residence of three years. Confucius took office when he saw that the practice of his doctrines was likely; he took office when his reception was proper; he took office when he was supported by the State. In the case of his relation to Qi Huan, he took office, seeing that the practice of his doctrines was likely. With the duke Ling of Wei he took office, because his reception was proper. With the duke Xiao of Wei he took office, because he was maintained by the State.' |
| | 礼运: |
昔者仲尼与于蜡宾，事毕，出游于观之上，喟然而叹。仲尼之叹，盖叹鲁也。言偃在侧曰：“君子何叹？”孔子曰：“大道之行也，与三代之英，丘未之逮也，而有志焉。”大道之行也，天下为公。选贤与能，讲信修睦，故人不独亲其亲，不独子其子，使老有所终，壮有所用，幼有所长，矜寡孤独废疾者，皆有所养。男有分，女有归。货恶其弃于地也，不必藏于己；力恶其不出于身也，不必为己。是故谋闭而不兴，盗窃乱贼而不作，故外户而不闭，是谓大同。 |
| Li Yun: |
Formerly Zhong-ni was present as one of the guests at the Ji sacrifice; and when it was over, he went out and walked backwards and forwards on the terrace over the gate of Proclamations, looking sad and sighing. What made him sigh was the state of Lu. Yan Yan was by his side, and said to him, 'Master, what are you sighing about?' Confucius replied, 'I never saw the practice of the Grand course, and the eminent men of the three dynasties; but I have my object (in harmony with theirs). When the Grand course was pursued, a public and common spirit ruled all under the sky; they chose men of talents, virtue, and ability; their words were sincere, and what they cultivated was harmony. Thus men did not love their parents only, nor treat as children only their own sons. A competent provision was secured for the aged till their death, employment for the able-bodied, and the means of growing up to the young. They showed kindness and compassion to widows, orphans, childless men, and those who were disabled by disease, so that they were all sufficiently maintained. Males had their proper work, and females had their homes. (They accumulated) articles (of value), disliking that they should be thrown away upon the ground, but not wishing to keep them for their own gratification. (They laboured) with their strength, disliking that it should not be exerted, but not exerting it (only) with a view to their own advantage. In this way (selfish) schemings were repressed and found no development. Robbers, filchers, and rebellious traitors did not show themselves, and hence the outer doors remained open, and were not shut. This was (the period of) what we call the Grand Union. |
