| Chinese Text Project |
| 子夏喪其子而喪其明。 | When Zi-xia was mourning for his son, he lost his eyesight. |
| 曾子吊之曰： | Zeng-zi went to condole with him, and said, |
| 「吾聞之也： | 'I have heard |
| 朋友喪明則哭之。」 | that when a friend loses his eyesight, we should wail for him.' |
| 曾子哭， | Thereupon he wailed, |
| 子夏亦哭， | and Zi-xia also wailed, |
| 曰： | and said, |
| 「天乎！ | 'O Heaven, |
| 予之無罪也。」 | and I have no guilt!' |
| 曾子怒曰： | Zeng-zi was angry, and said, |
| 「商， | 'Shang, |
| 女何無罪也？ | how can you say that you have no guilt? |
| 吾與女事夫子於洙泗之間， | I and you served the Master between the Zhu and the Si'; |
| 退而老於西河之上， | and (after his death) you retired, and grew old in the neighbourhood of the Western He, |
| 使西河之民疑女於夫子， | where you made the people compare you with the Master. |
| 爾罪一也； | This was one offence. |
| 喪爾親， | When you mourned for your parents, |
| 使民未有聞焉， | you did so in such a way that the people heard nothing of it. |
| 爾罪二也； | This was a second offence. |
| 喪爾子， | When you mourned for your son, |
| 喪爾明， | you did it in such a way that you have lost your eyesight. |
| 爾罪三也。 | This is a third offence. |
| 而曰女何無罪與！」 | And how do you say that you have no guilt?' |
| 子夏投其杖而拜曰： | Zi-xia threw down his staff, and bowed, saying, |
| 「吾過矣！ | 'I was wrong, |
| 吾過矣！ | I was wrong. |
| 吾離群而索居，亦已久矣。」 | It is a long time since I left the herd, and lived apart here.' |
| Character | Composition | Variants | Reading | Meaning | Hanyu | Kangxi | Cihai |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 子夏 | 子+0 夊+7 | 㜽 𢀈 𢀉 𡐫 𣕓 只 𡔰 𠍺 昰 𡕾 | zǐ xià ㄗˇ ㄒㄧㄚˋ | 姓卜，名商，字子夏，孔子的學生。 Zi Xia, a student of Confucius. | v2,p1006#06 v2,p0869#10 | p.277#01 p.245#12 | p.395r1c01 p.335r1c08 |
| 喪 | 口+9 | 𡂤 𡴧 𡂧 𦦦 𡚏 丧 | sàng ㄙㄤˋ | Lose, cease to have. / Die. / Destroy, lose. | v1,p0650#03 | p.200#12 | p.286r5c02 |
| sāng ㄙㄤ | Funeral rites, mourning. / Dismayed, dispirited. / Remains, body in a coffin. | ||||||
| 其 | 八+6 | 丌 亓 | qí ㄑㄧˊ | (1.1) 代詞：表示第三人領屬關係，相當於「他的」、「它的」等。 Third-person possessive pronoun: his, her, its, their. | v1,p0245#01 | p.127#18 | p.162r5c01 |
| 子 | 子+0 | 㜽 𢀈 𢀉 𡐫 𣕓 只 | zǐ ㄗˇ | (1.1) 孩子，子嗣。兼指兒子和女兒。 Child, heir. Refers to both sons and daughters. | v2,p1006#06 | p.277#01 | p.395r1c01 |
| 而 | 而+0 | ér ㄦˊ | Whiskers. / Like, similar to. / Pronoun: you. / Pronoun: this, like this. / Connective: and, with. / Connective: and, then. / Connective: if, supposing. / Connective: yet, however. / Connective: therefore, hence. / Connective: expresses method or state. / Particle: of. / Expressive particle. | v4,p2810#01 | p.961#18 | p.1080r2c03 | |
| néng ㄋㄥˊ | Same as 「能(3)」 néng ㄋㄥˊ: Able to, competent. / Same as 「能(2.1)」 néng ㄋㄥˊ: Ability, talent. | ||||||
| 喪 | 口+9 | 𡂤 𡴧 𡂧 𦦦 𡚏 丧 | sàng ㄙㄤˋ | (1) 失去。 Lose, cease to have. | v1,p0650#03 | p.200#12 | p.286r5c02 |
| 明 | 日+4 | 朙 | míng ㄇㄧㄥˊ | (10) 視力。 Eyesight. | v2,p1491#08 | p.491#12 | p.631r3c01 |
| 曾子 | 曰+8 子+0 | 曽 㜽 𢀈 𢀉 𡐫 𣕓 只 | zēng zǐ ㄗㄥ ㄗˇ | Same as 「曾參」 zēng shēn ㄗㄥ ㄕㄣ: 姓曾，名參（shēn），字子輿，孔子的學生。 Zeng Shen, a student of Confucius. | v2,p1521#03 v2,p1006#06 | p.503#03 p.277#01 | p.653r1c01 p.395r1c01 |
| 吊 | 口+3 | 弔 | diào ㄉㄧㄠˋ | condole, mourn, pity; hang | v1,p0579#01 | p.175#03 | p.256r6c05 |
| 之 | 丿+3 | 㞢 | zhī ㄓ | Towards; go to. / Demonstrative pronoun: this, these. / Third person pronoun: him, her, it. / Auxiliary word: of. / Auxiliary word: used between subject and predicate, cancels independence of a clause. / Auxiliary word: used in a sentence for aesthetic purpose only, no meaning. | v1,p0043#01 | p.82#04 | p.47r2c02 |
| 曰 | 曰+0 | yuē ㄩㄝ | (1) 說。 Say, speak. | v2,p1482#02 | p.502#01 | p.648r3c03 | |
| 吾 | 口+4 | 𠮣 | wú ㄨˊ | (1) 第一人稱代詞。 First person pronoun: I, we. | v1,p0585#13 | p.180#03 | p.260r5c01 |
| 聞 | 耳+8 | 𦕁 䎽 䎹 𦖫 𥹢 闻 | wén ㄨㄣˊ | (2) 聽説，知道。 Have heard, become aware of. | v7,p4294#12 | p.968#11 | p.1084r3c01 |
| 之 | 丿+3 | 㞢 | zhī ㄓ | (2) 指示代詞：這。 Demonstrative pronoun: this, these. | v1,p0043#01 | p.82#04 | p.47r2c02 |
| 也 | 乙+2 | 𠃟 匜 | yě ㄧㄝˇ | Modal particle used at the end of a sentence, expressing assertion and affirmation. / Modal particle used at the end of a question for emphasis. / Modal particle used at the end of a cause-effect sentence to express explanation. / Modal particle used in the middle of a sentence to express a pause. | v1,p0050#05 | p.84#04 | p.55r1c01 |
| 朋 | 月+4 | péng ㄆㄥˊ | Conspire out of self-interest, form a clique. / Come together, form a group. / Collaborate with. / Compare. / Friend. / Peng, an ancient unit of currency. | v3,p2050#06 | p.504#29 | p.658r5c02 | |
| 友 | 又+2 | 㕛 𠬺 𦐮 𦫹 𦐯 | yǒu ㄧㄡˇ | friend, companion; fraternity | v1,p0391#01 | p.165#06 | p.233r6c04 |
| 明 | 日+4 | 朙 | míng ㄇㄧㄥˊ | Bright, brilliant. / Daytime. / Clear, obvious. / Clarify, make clear. / Understand. / Straightforwardly, clearly. / Clear, clean. / Wise. / Make wise. / Spirit, god. / Respect. / Eyesight. / Good eyesight. / See clearly. / The following (day, month, year, etc.). | v2,p1491#08 | p.491#12 | p.631r3c01 |
| 則 | 刀+7 | 𠟻 𠟭 𠞋 𠟔 则 | zé ㄗㄜˊ | Method, rule. / Mimic, emulate. / Level, grade. / Adverb used to emphasize an assertion. / Adverb used to express scope: only. / Connective expressing continuation: then, and then. / Connective emphasizing comparison. / Connective expressing contrast. / Connective expressing allowance: yet, even so. / Connective expressing unexpected turn of events. / Connective expressing suppostion: if. | v1,p0340#06 | p.139#31 | p.183r5c05 |
| 哭 | 口+7 | kū ㄎㄨ | weep, cry, wail | v1,p0629#02 | p.190#25 | p.276r1c03 | |
| 亦 | 亠+4 | 𠅃 | yì ㄧˋ | Original character for 腋. / Also. / Just, merely. / Again. / Modal particle at the beginning or middle of a sentence. / Accumulate. | v1,p0281#03 | p.88#09 | p.78r2c02 |
| 天 | 大+1 | 𠀡 𠀘 𦴞 兲 靝 𠕹 | tiān ㄊㄧㄢ | sky, heaven; god, celestial | v1,p0522#01 | p.248#04 | p.358r4c01 |
| 乎 | 丿+4 | 虖 | hū ㄏㄨ | Modal particle expressing questioning or a rhetorical question. / Modal particle expressing admiration or exclamation. / Modal particle expressing estimation. / Modal particle expressing request or order. / Modal particle expressing calling. / Modal particle expressing consideration. / Modal particle expressing affirmation. / Particle used after adjectives. / Particle used in the middle of a sentence to express a pause. / Preposition: in, from, to. | v1,p0036#08 | p.82#07 | p.47r3c03 |
| 予 | 亅+3 | 豫 余 | yǔ ㄩˇ | Give, bestow. / Praise, admire. / Preposition: with. | v1,p0052#02 | p.85#16 | p.58r2c03 |
| yú ㄩˊ | First-person pronoun: I, me. | ||||||
| 無 | 火+8 | 𣟒 𣚨 𠘩 无 橆 | wú ㄨˊ | Not have. / Philosophical category referring to absence, non-existence, or vacuity. / Adverb expressing negation: not. / Adverb expressing questioning: or not. / Connective: regardless of. / Connective: even if. / Particle used at the beginning of a sentence, no meaning. / Do not. / Barren, uncultivated. | v3,p2211#15 | p.673#26 | p.848r2c04 |
| 罪 | 网+8 | 辠 𡈚 | zuì ㄗㄨㄟˋ | crime, sin, vice; evil; hardship | v4,p2920#07 | p.948#13 | p.1065r2c06 |
| 怒 | 心+5 | 怒 𢘂 | nù ㄋㄨˋ | anger, rage, passion; angry | v4,p2282#03 | p.380#08 | p.525r5c06 |
| 商 | 口+8 | 𡅟 𠾃 𡂦 𠿧 𡃬 𡄚 𠹧 𧶜 | shāng ㄕㄤ | Same as 「子夏」 zǐ xià ㄗˇ ㄒㄧㄚˋ: 姓卜，名商，字子夏，孔子的學生。 Zi Xia, a student of Confucius. | v1,p0288#06 | p.194#32 | p.278r1c03 |
| 女 | 女+0 | 女 𠨰 | rǔ ㄖㄨˇ | (4) Same as 「汝(2)」 rǔ ㄖㄨˇ: 第二人稱代詞：你。 Second person pronoun: you. | v2,p1023#23 | p.254#22 | p.376r1c02 |
| 何 | 人+5 | hé ㄏㄜˊ | Ask, enquire. / What. / Who, which one. / How, in what way. / Why, for what reason. / Where, in what place. / How much, to what extent. | v1,p0130#04 | p.98#15 | p.97r2c04 | |
| hē ㄏㄜ | Criticize, condemn. | ||||||
| hè ㄏㄜˋ | Carry on one's back. / Bear, carry a burden. | ||||||
| 與 | 臼+8 | 与 𢌱 𦦲 𠔔 | yǔ ㄩˇ | Give. / Follow, go along with. / Comrade, ally. / Association, contact. / Oppose. / Engage [an enemy]. / Approve, consent to. / Help. / Wait. / Preposition indicating passive tense. / Preposition: to, with. / Preposition: with. / Preposition: as. / Preposition: in, on. / Connective: and, with. / Connective: with its ... / Connective: or. | v1,p0251#04 | p.1004#13 | p.1113r2c03 |
| yù ㄩˋ | Participate, take part in. | ||||||
| yǔ ㄩˇ | Interfere in. | ||||||
| yú ㄩˊ | Auxiliary word: used at the end of a sentence to express questioning , exclamation, or a rhetorical question. / Auxiliary word: used in the middle of a sentence to express a pause. | ||||||
| 事 | 亅+7 | 亊 叓 𠭏 | shì ㄕˋ | Office, duty. / Job, career. / Things, affairs. / Accident, incident. / Engage (in), pursue. / Serve. | v1,p0023#03 | p.85#24 | p.58r3c02 |
| 夫 | 大+1 | fū ㄈㄨ | General term for adult men. / Adult labourers in particular. / Soldier. / Respectful term for a man. / Husband. / Unit of area equal to one hundred mu. | v1,p0521#01 | p.248#11 | p.367r2c01 | |
| fú ㄈㄨˊ | Demonstrative pronoun: this, these. / Modal particle used at the start of a sentence for emphasis or to indicate an assertion. / Modal particle used in the middle of a sentence to soften the tone. / Modal particle used at the end of a sentence to express exclamation. | ||||||
| 子 | 子+0 | 㜽 𢀈 𢀉 𡐫 𣕓 只 | zǐ ㄗˇ | Child, heir. Refers to both sons and daughters. / Love, charity. / Respectful term for a man. / People in general. / Fourth of the five levels of nobility. / First of the twelve earthly branches of the zodiac. | v2,p1006#06 | p.277#01 | p.395r1c01 |
| 於 | 方+4 | 烏 𣱏 𤕘 于 亏 扵 | yú ㄩˊ | Be (copula). / Be, exist. / Preposition: in. / Preposition: from or to. / Preposition: compared to. / Preposition: to, for, towards. / Preposition: by (indicating passive tense). / Preposition: with, using. / Preposition: due to, because of. / Preposition: by, according to. / Connective: just as. / Auxiliary word, no meaning. | v3,p2175#02 | p.481#11 | p.622r2c03 |
| 洙 | 水+6 | zhū ㄓㄨ | name of a river in Shandong | v3,p1608#03 | p.620#13 | p.786r6c01 | |
| 泗 | 水+5 | sì ㄙˋ | mucous; nasal flow; sniffle; river in Shandong | v3,p1587#03 | p.616#17 | p.781r3c02 | |
| 間 | 門+4 | 閒 间 | jiān jiàn jiǎn ㄐㄧㄢ ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄐㄧㄢˇ | interval, space; place, between | v7,p4288#06 | p.1333#01 | p.1408r3c01 |
| 退 | 辵+6 | 𨓆 𨑧 𢓴 𢓇 𨔫 | tuì ㄊㄨㄟˋ | step back, retreat, withdraw | v6,p3834#04 | p.1256#14 | p.1314r4c01 |
| 老 | 老+0 | 耂 𠄰 | lǎo ㄌㄠˇ | old, aged; experienced | v4,p2778#01 | p.960#25 | p.1077r3c03 |
| 西 | 襾+0 | 覀 𠧧 㢴 | xī ㄒㄧ | west(ern); westward, occident | v4,p2805#02 | p.1128#10 | p.1221r6c03 |
| 河 | 水+5 | hé ㄏㄜˊ | river; stream; yellow river | v3,p1582#03 | p.613#09 | p.774r2c02 | |
| 上 | 一+2 | 丄 𠄞 | shàng ㄕㄤˋ | top; superior, highest; go up, send up | v1,p0005#04 | p.76#07 | p.24r2c01 |
| 使 | 人+6 | 𡥐 𠭆 | shǐ ㄕˇ | Order, send (on a mission). / Cause, make. / Allocate, use. / Indulge in.. / Send as an envoy. / Envoy, messenger. / Connective: if, supposing. | v1,p0145#02 | p.101#05 | p.101r3c03 |
| 民 | 氏+1 | 𠘽 | mín ㄇㄧㄣˊ | people, subjects, citizens | v3,p2131#01 | p.598#01 | p.750r3c01 |
| 疑 | 疋+9 | 𦬦 | yí nǐ níng ㄧˊ ㄋㄧˇ ㄋㄧㄥˊ | doubt, question, suspect | v4,p2751#04 | p.768#03 | p.919r1c02 |
| 爾 | 爻+10 | 尒 尔 | ěr ㄦˇ | Second person pronoun: you. / Luxuriant growth of flowers. / Close, near. / Simple, easily understood. / Like this, in this way. / This, that. / Modal particle: merely. / Modal particle expressing statement. / Modal particle expressing affirmation. / Modal particle expressing questioning. / Suffix. | v1,p0027#01 | p.691#04 | p.864r6c01 |
| 一 | 一+0 | 弌 壹 | yī ㄧ | one; a, an; alone | v1,p0001#01 | p.75#01 | p.1r1c01 |
| 親 | 見+9 | 𢈥 寴 𡩁 亲 | qīn ㄑㄧㄣ | Parents. / Relatives. / Love, favour. / Close, intimate. / Contact, touch. / Personally. / Do oneself. | v6,p3671#12 | p.1136#12 | p.1230r5c04 |
| 未 | 木+1 | wèi ㄨㄟˋ | not yet; 8th terrestrial branch | v2,p1150#01 | p.509#05 | p.665r4c01 | |
| 有 | 月+2 | | yǒu ㄧㄡˇ | Have, possess. / Store, collect. / Occupy. / Hold on to, retain. / Have in abundance. / Good harvest. / Obtain. / Only. / Be, exist. / Occur, happen. / Make. / Particle used before a noun with no meaning. / Particle used before a monosyllabic adjective with no meaning. / Particle used before a verb with no meaning. / Still, yet. / Some people. / Region. | v3,p2041#05 | p.504#20 | p.656r5c01 |
| yòu ㄧㄡˋ | Help, assist. / Same as 「又(3)」 yòu ㄧㄡˋ: Moreover. | ||||||
| 聞 | 耳+8 | 𦕁 䎽 䎹 𦖫 𥹢 闻 | wén ㄨㄣˊ | Hear. / Make hear. / Have heard, become aware of. / Knowledge, experience. / Rumour, saying. / Renowned, well-known. / Spread, disseminate. | v7,p4294#12 | p.968#11 | p.1084r3c01 |
| wèn ㄨㄣˋ | Reputation, fame. / Same as 「問(2)」 wèn ㄨㄣˋ: Inquire after, give regards to. | ||||||
| 焉 | 火+7 | yān ㄧㄢ | Same as 「之(2)」 zhī ㄓ: Demonstrative pronoun: this, these. / Same as 「之(3)」 zhī ㄓ: Third person pronoun: him, her, it. / Demonstrative pronoun and modal particle: than this. / Interrogative pronoun: how, where. / Interrogative pronoun: what. / Connective: and, then. / Preposition: in. / Modal particle. / Adjectival or adverbal suffix. | v3,p2206#14 | p.672#21 | p.847r5c01 | |
| 二 | 二+0 | 贰 弍 貳 | èr ㄦˋ | two; twice | v1,p0002#01 | p.86#01 | p.58r6c01 |
| 三 | 一+2 | 叁 弎 | sān sàn ㄙㄢ ㄙㄢˋ | three | v1,p0004#03 | p.76#05 | p.11r2c01 |
| 曰 | 曰+0 | yuē ㄩㄝ | Say, speak. / Call, name. / Particle. | v2,p1482#02 | p.502#01 | p.648r3c03 | |
| 投 | 手+4 | 𢫹 | tóu ㄊㄡˊ | throw, cast, fling, pitch; jump | v3,p1842#03 | p.421#13 | p.563r3c01 |
| 杖 | 木+3 | zhàng ㄓㄤˋ | cane, walking stick | v2,p1159#02 | p.512#01 | p.673r2c03 | |
| 拜 | 手+5 | 拝 𣬊 𣬓 𢰛 𢴽 𡴬 | bài ㄅㄞˋ | do obeisance, bow, kowtow | v3,p1846#07 | p.427#02 | p.571r4c01 |
| 過 | 辵+9 | 过 𨓺 | guò ㄍㄨㄛˋ | (3) 錯過，犯錯誤。 Mistake, make a mistake. | v6,p3849#08 | p.1261#22 | p.1325r2c01 |
| 矣 | 矢+2 | 𠤘 | yǐ ㄧˇ | (1.2) 語氣詞：表示感嘆。 Modal particle used to express exclamation. | v4,p2580#04 | p.823#37 | p.955r5c01 |
| 離 | 隹+11 | 離 离 | lí lì lǐ chī gǔ ㄌㄧˊ ㄌㄧˋ ㄌㄧˇ ㄔ ㄍㄨˇ | leave, depart; go away; separate | v6,p4106#02 | p.1369#16 | p.1445r2c02 |
| 群 | 羊+7 | 羣 | qún ㄑㄩㄣˊ | (same as U+7FA3 羣) group, crowd, multitude, mob | v5,p3134#12 | p.952#26 | p.1072r5c02 |
| 索 | 糸+4 | 索 | suǒ ㄙㄨㄛˇ | large rope, cable; rules, laws; to demand, to exact; to search, inquire; isolated | v5,p3369#09 | p.918#16 | p.1035r5c01 |
| 居 | 尸+5 | 㞐 㝒 | jū ㄐㄩ | Sit down. / Wait. / Live, dwell. / Dwelling, residence. / Tomb. / Rank, position occupied. / Person occupying the rank of ruler. / Live peacefully. / Usually, normally. / Located in. / Defend (a post), guard (a region). / Remain behind to handle matters. / Have, possess. / Employ, implement. / Stop, rest, remain. / Store, stockpile. / Raise, rear (livestock). / Used before times expressing time elapsed: after. | v2,p0968#04 | p.300#30 | p.448r1c02 |
| jǔ ㄐㄩˇ | Movement, action. | ||||||
| jù ㄐㄩˋ | Arrogant. / Straight. / Saw. | ||||||
| jī ㄐㄧ | Modal particle expressing exclamation or questioning. | ||||||
| 已 | 己+0 | yǐ ㄧˇ | Stop, discontinue. / Complete / The past. / Recover, be cured. / Leave [a post], retire. / Value and carry out. / Adverb: shortly, before long. / Adverb: already. / Adverb: extremely. / Modal particle used at the end of a sentence. / Interjection. / Same as 「以(1)」 yǐ ㄧˇ: Use. / Same as 「以(9)」 yǐ ㄧˇ: Particle: used together with some words expressing direction and time. | v2,p0984#01 | p.326#11 | p.467r3c01 | |
| 久 | 丿+2 | 乆 | jiǔ ㄐㄧㄡˇ | long time (ago); time passage, grow late | v1,p0033#03 | p.81#19 | p.47r1c02 |
| 矣 | 矢+2 | 𠤘 | yǐ ㄧˇ | Modal particle used to express declaration. / Modal particle used to express exclamation. / Modal particle used to express an order or request. | v4,p2580#04 | p.823#37 | p.955r5c01 |
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