Chinese Text Project Dictionary

Confucianism -> Liji -> Nei Ze -> 47.2

凡三王養老皆引年，八十者一子不從政，九十者其家不從政；瞽亦如之。凡父母在，子雖老不坐。有虞氏養國老於上庠，養庶老於下庠；夏后氏養國老於東序，養庶老於西序；殷人養國老於右學，養庶老於左學；周人養國老於東膠，養庶老於虞庠，虞庠在國之西郊。有虞氏皇而祭，深衣而養老；夏后氏收而祭，燕衣而養老；殷人冔而祭，縞衣而養老；周人冕而祭，玄衣而養老。

The kings of the three dynasties, in nourishing the old, always caused the members of families who were advanced in years to be brought to their notice. Where an officer was eighty, one of his friends was free from all service of government; where he was ninety, all the members of his family were exempted from them. So also it was in the case of the blind. (Shun), the lord of Yu, entertained the aged (who had retired from the service) of the state in (the school called) the higher xiang, and the aged of the common people in (the school called) the lower xiang. The sovereigns of the line of Xia entertained the former in (the school called) the xu on the east, and the latter in (that called) the xu on the west. The men of Yin entertained the former in the School of the Right, and the latter in that of the Left. The men of Zhou entertained the former in the jiao on the east, and the latter in the Yu xiang. This was in the suburb of the capital on the west. The lord of Yu wore the huan cap in sacrificing (in the ancestral temple), and the white robes in entertaining the aged. The sovereigns of Xia sacrificed in the shin cap, and entertained the aged in the dark garments of undress. Those of Yin sacrificed in the xu cap, and entertained in the garments of white thin silk. Those of Zhou sacrificed in the mian cap, and entertained the aged in the dark upper garment (and the lower white one).

Character	Composition	Variants	Reading	Meaning	Hanyu	Kangxi	Cihai
凡	几+1	凢凣	fán ㄈㄢˊ	Summary. / Ordinary. / All, every. / In total. / Adverb: approximately. / Name of a state.	v1,p0276#03	p.134#02	p.170r4c02
三	一+2	叁弎	sān sàn ㄙㄢㄙㄢˋ	three	v1,p0004#03	p.76#05	p.11r2c01
王	玉+0		wáng ㄨㄤˊ	King, title of supreme ruler of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. / Ruler of a vassal state in the warring states period. / Highest title in feudal China. / Meet with the emperor. / Respectful term for one's paternal grandparents.	v2,p1099#10	p.727#02	p.888r1c02
			wàng ㄨㄤˋ	Rule as king, control all under heaven. / Enfeoff as king. / Flourish, abound.
			wǎng ㄨㄤˇ	To, go to.
養	食+6	䍩𢼝养	yǎng yàng ㄧㄤˇ ㄧㄤˋ	raise, rear, bring up; support	v7,p4452#08	p.1419#26	p.1491r4c09
老	老+0	耂𠄰	lǎo ㄌㄠˇ	old, aged; experienced	v4,p2778#01	p.960#25	p.1077r3c03
皆	白+4		jiē ㄐㄧㄝ	all, every, everybody	v4,p2647#01	p.786#12	p.735r5c01
引	弓+1	𢪉㧈	yǐn ㄧㄣˇ	to pull, draw out, attract; to stretch	v2,p0988#05	p.356#08	p.499r6c01
年	干+3	秊𠫺	nián ㄋㄧㄢˊ	year; new-years; person's age	v1,p0037#06	p.340#01	p.483r6c01
八	八+0	捌	bā ㄅㄚ	eight; all around, all sides	v1,p0241#03	p.126#26	p.147r4c03
十	十+0	拾拾	shí ㄕˊ	ten, tenth; complete; perfect	v1,p0058#09	p.155#17	p.207r5c02
者	老+4		zhě ㄓㄜˇ	Pronoun used after verbs, adjectives, etc. in place of a person or thing. / Pronoun used after numbers in place of a thing. / Pronoun used after time or negation to express "when" or "if". / Expressive particle used in a declarative sentence after the subject. / Expressive particle used in a sentence after the subject to express cause or explanation.	v4,p2780#05	p.961#01	p.1080r1c01
			zhuó ㄓㄨㄛˊ	In, located in.
一	一+0	弌壹	yī ㄧ	one; a, an; alone	v1,p0001#01	p.75#01	p.1r1c01
子	子+0	㜽𢀈𢀉𡐫𣕓只	zǐ ㄗˇ	Child, heir. Refers to both sons and daughters. / Love, charity. / Respectful term for a man. / People in general. / Fourth of the five levels of nobility. / First of the twelve earthly branches of the zodiac.	v2,p1006#06	p.277#01	p.395r1c01
不	一+3	不𠀚𠙐	bù ㄅㄨˋ	Not have. / To not be. / Negational adverb, used before verbs, adjectives, etc. to indicate negation. / Negational adverb expressing prohibition: do not. / Negational adverb expressing rhetorical question: is not...?	v1,p0011#06	p.76#15	p.30r1c01
			fǒu ㄈㄡˇ	Same as 「否(1.2)」 fǒu ㄈㄡˇ: Adverb used together with an affirmative word, expressing its negative or opposite. / Same as 「否(1.3)」 fǒu ㄈㄡˇ: Adverb used at the end of a question to form a yes-no question.
			fū ㄈㄨ	Sepal of a flower.
			pī ㄆㄧ	Same as 「丕(1)」 pī ㄆㄧ: Large.
			bǐ ㄅㄧˇ	Show disdain for.
從	彳+8	従从	cóng ㄘㄨㄥˊ	Follow, accompany. / Cause to follow, make go along with. / Pursue, chase after. / Die with, bury along with the dead. / Listen to, do as required. / Eloquent. / Obedient, submissive. / Route to peaceful society, correct order. / Perform, participate in. / Blood relation through the male line. / Secondary, sub- (of official titles). / Preposition: from. / Preposition: towards. / Preposition: because of, due to. / Addition, also.	v2,p0829#12	p.368#18	p.514r5c01
			zòng ㄗㄨㄥˋ	North-south. / Alliance of states opposed to the Qin alliance. / Straight, upright. / Indulge, allow to. / Connective: even if.
			zōng ㄗㄨㄥ	Trace, vestige.
			sǒng ㄙㄨㄥˇ	See 從容。
政	攴+4		zhèng zhēng ㄓㄥˋ ㄓㄥ	government, political affairs	v2,p1453#03	p.469#06	p.601r2c01
九	乙+1	玖	jiǔ ㄐㄧㄡˇ	nine	v1,p0048#05	p.83#19	p.48r6c01
其	八+6	丌亓	qí ㄑㄧˊ	Third-person possessive pronoun: his, her, its, their. / Demonstrative pronoun: that, those. / Adverb expressing estimation or guess. / Adverb expressing imperative. / Adverb expressing rhetorical question. / Adverb expressing future tense. / Connective expressing hypothesis: if, supposing. / Connective expressing choice: or. / Connective expressing concession: even if. / Particle used after an adjective. / Particle: of. / Particle used for emphasis after single-character adjectives or onomatopoeia. / Particle used in the middle of a sentence to alter the tempo.	v1,p0245#01	p.127#18	p.162r5c01
			jì ㄐㄧˋ	Particle used after bi and he.
			jī ㄐㄧ	Modal particle expressing interrogative tone. / A year.
家	宀+7	傢宊𠖔𡩅𡧚	jiā jie gū ㄐㄧㄚㄐㄧㄝ· ㄍㄨ	house, home, residence; family	v2,p0930#15	p.286#17	p.420r1c02
瞽	目+13		gǔ ㄍㄨˇ	blind; blind musician; stupid	v4,p2516#03	p.819#03	p.954r2c02
亦	亠+4	𠅃	yì ㄧˋ	Original character for 腋. / Also. / Just, merely. / Again. / Modal particle at the beginning or middle of a sentence. / Accumulate.	v1,p0281#03	p.88#09	p.78r2c02
如	女+3		rú ㄖㄨˊ	Go to. / According to, in accordance with. / Like, similar to. / As good as, comparable to. / Should. / Or, alternatively. / If, should it be the case. / As for, as regards. / Adjectival suffix.	v2,p1025#09	p.255#21	p.378r5c02
之	丿+3	㞢	zhī ㄓ	Towards; go to. / Demonstrative pronoun: this, these. / Third person pronoun: him, her, it. / Auxiliary word: of. / Auxiliary word: used between subject and predicate, cancels independence of a clause. / Auxiliary word: used in a sentence for aesthetic purpose only, no meaning.	v1,p0043#01	p.82#04	p.47r2c02
父	父+0		fù fǔ ㄈㄨˋ ㄈㄨˇ	father; KangXi radical 88	v3,p2039#01	p.690#01	p.864r1c01
母	毋+1		mǔ mú wǔ wú ㄇㄨˇ ㄇㄨˊ ㄨˇ ㄨˊ	mother; female elders; female	v4,p2380#03	p.588#25	p.745r1c03
在	土+3		zài ㄗㄞˋ	Exist, be alive. / Be in a certain place. / Inquire after, pay one's respects to. / Preposition: due to, being that. / Preposition: specifies location or time of an action - in, at.	v1,p0418#07	p.223#10	p.312r2c07
雖	隹+9	𨾡虽	suī ㄙㄨㄟ	Type of insect. / Even, though, even if. / Only.	v6,p4103#05	p.1368#22	p.1440r6c01
坐	土+4	座㘸	zuò ㄗㄨㄛˋ	sit; seat; ride, travel by	v1,p0423#12	p.225#15	p.317r1c01
有	月+2		yǒu ㄧㄡˇ	Have, possess. / Store, collect. / Occupy. / Hold on to, retain. / Have in abundance. / Good harvest. / Obtain. / Only. / Be, exist. / Occur, happen. / Make. / Particle used before a noun with no meaning. / Particle used before a monosyllabic adjective with no meaning. / Particle used before a verb with no meaning. / Still, yet. / Some people. / Region.	v3,p2041#05	p.504#20	p.656r5c01
			yòu ㄧㄡˋ	Help, assist. / Same as 「又(3)」 yòu ㄧㄡˋ: Moreover.
虞	虍+7	𠈌吳虞𩦢	yú ㄩˊ	concerned about, anxious, worried	v4,p2827#02	p.1074#24	p.1184r5c02
氏	氏+0	厥	shì zhī jīng ㄕˋ ㄓㄐㄧㄥ	clan, family; mister	v3,p2130#01	p.597#18	p.750r2c01
國	囗+8	圀國囗囶𢧌䆐囯国	guó ㄍㄨㄛˊ	nation, country, nation-state	v1,p0720#09	p.219#16	p.303r4c02
於	方+4	烏𣱏𤕘于亏扵	yú ㄩˊ	Be (copula). / Be, exist. / Preposition: in. / Preposition: from or to. / Preposition: compared to. / Preposition: to, for, towards. / Preposition: by (indicating passive tense). / Preposition: with, using. / Preposition: due to, because of. / Preposition: by, according to. / Connective: just as. / Auxiliary word, no meaning.	v3,p2175#02	p.481#11	p.622r2c03
上	一+2	丄𠄞	shàng ㄕㄤˋ	top; superior, highest; go up, send up	v1,p0005#04	p.76#07	p.24r2c01
庠	广+6		xiáng ㄒㄧㄤˊ	village school; teach	v2,p0883#09	p.345#11	p.488r4c01
庶	广+8	庻𤈲𠦜𠪌𠩽𠪛	shù ㄕㄨˋ	numerous, various; multitude	v2,p0886#15	p.347#20	p.489r5c01
下	一+2	丅厥𠄟	xià ㄒㄧㄚˋ	under, underneath, below; down; inferior; bring down	v1,p0007#01	p.76#10	p.28r1c01
夏	夊+7	𡔰𠍺昰𡕾	xià jiǎ ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄐㄧㄚˇ	summer; great, grand, big	v2,p0869#10	p.245#12	p.335r1c08
后	口+3	后後	hòu ㄏㄡˋ	queen, empress, sovereign; (simp. for 後) behind, rear, after	v1,p0580#01	p.176#01	p.255r4c01
東	木+4	东	dōng ㄉㄨㄥ	east, eastern, eastward	v2,p1165#04	p.513#12	p.675r6c02
序	广+4		xù ㄒㄩˋ	series, serial order, sequence	v2,p0875#18	p.343#35	p.487r1c02
西	襾+0	覀𠧧㢴	xī ㄒㄧ	west(ern); westward, occident	v4,p2805#02	p.1128#10	p.1221r6c03
殷	殳+6		yīn yān yǐn ㄧㄣㄧㄢㄧㄣˇ	many, great; abundant, flourishing	v3,p2156#04	p.585#02	p.742r6c03
人	人+0	𠔽亻	rén ㄖㄣˊ	Man, person. / Others, other people. / The people, ordinary men. / Talent, material. / [A man's] character. / Affairs of men, world of man. / Benevolence.	v1,p0101#10	p.91#01	p.80r2c01
右	口+2		yòu ㄧㄡˋ	right; west; right-wing	v1,p0569#01	p.173#05	p.245r6c01
學	子+13	𢻯斈学	xué ㄒㄩㄝˊ	Study, learn. / Doctrine, teaching. / School of thought. / School, place of learning. / Account, state.	v2,p1019#11	p.280#28	p.403r3c05
			xiào ㄒㄧㄠˋ	Instruct, teach.
左	工+2		zuǒ ㄗㄨㄛˇ	left; east; unorthodox, improper	v1,p0411#05	p.325#08	p.464r2c01
周	口+5	週𠱬𠄗	zhōu ㄓㄡ	Surround. / Cyclicly, repeatedly. / (Travel) widely. / Careful, detailed. / Firm, unshaken. / Measure word: number of times. / Friendly, approachable. / Suitable, appropriate (for). / Turning place, corner. / Most (superlative). / Assist financially. / The Zhou dynasty.	v1,p0606#03	p.181#36
膠	肉+11	胶	jiāo jiǎo ㄐㄧㄠㄐㄧㄠˇ	glue, gum, resin, rubber	v3,p2109#06	p.993#08	p.1103r2c02
郊	邑+6		jiāo ㄐㄧㄠ	suburbs; waste land, open spaces	v6,p3769#06	p.1271#11	p.1338r3c02
皇	白+4	𦤍𦤐𤽙𤽚𤽧	huáng wǎng ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄨㄤˇ	royal, imperial; ruler, superior	v4,p2645#01	p.786#14	p.735r5c02
而	而+0		ér ㄦˊ	Whiskers. / Like, similar to. / Pronoun: you. / Pronoun: this, like this. / Connective: and, with. / Connective: and, then. / Connective: if, supposing. / Connective: yet, however. / Connective: therefore, hence. / Connective: expresses method or state. / Particle: of. / Expressive particle.	v4,p2810#01	p.961#18	p.1080r2c03
			néng ㄋㄥˊ	Same as 「能(3)」 néng ㄋㄥˊ: Able to, competent. / Same as 「能(2.1)」 néng ㄋㄥˊ: Ability, talent.
祭	示+6		jì zhài ㄐㄧˋ ㄓㄞˋ	sacrifice to, worship	v4,p2397#07	p.843#07	p.982r1c02
深	水+8	𣸧	shēn ㄕㄣ	deep; depth; far; very, extreme	v3,p1662#10	p.632#01	p.806r2c03
衣	衣+0	衤	yī yì ㄧㄧˋ	clothes, clothing; cover, skin	v5,p3074#01	p.1111#01	p.1208r5c01
收	攴+2	収㧃	shōu ㄕㄡ	gather together, collect; harvest	v2,p1448#02	p.468#06	p.599r2c06
燕	火+12	鷰	yàn yān ㄧㄢˋ ㄧㄢ	swallow (bird); comfort, enjoy	v3,p2239#06	p.683#16	p.859r2c01
冔	冂+8		xǔ ㄒㄩˇ	cap worn during the Yin dynasty	v2,p1508#01	p.129#27	p.165r4c02
縞	糸+10	缟	gǎo ㄍㄠˇ	white raw silk	v5,p3438#07	p.934#16	p.1055r4c04
冕	冂+9		miǎn ㄇㄧㄢˇ	crown; ceremonial cap	v2,p1514#06	p.129#30	p.165r4c03
玄	玄+0	𤣥伭	xuán xuàn ㄒㄩㄢˊ ㄒㄩㄢˋ	deep, profound, abstruse; KangXi radical 95	v1,p0280#03	p.725#01	p.883r1c01

Enjoy this site? Please help.

Site design and content copyright 2006-2024. When quoting or citing information from this site, please link to the corresponding page or to https://ctext.org. Please note that the use of automatic download software on this site is strictly prohibited, and that users of such software are automatically banned without warning to save bandwidth. 沪ICP备09015720号-3

Comments? Suggestions? Please raise them here.