Chinese Text Project Dictionary

Confucianism -> Mengzi -> Li Lou I -> 1.4

「故曰，	'Therefore it is said,
城郭不完，	"It is not the exterior and interior walls being incomplete,
兵甲不多，	and the supply of weapons offensive and defensive not being large,
非國之災也；	which constitutes the calamity of a kingdom.
田野不辟，	It is not the cultivable area not being extended,
貨財不聚，	and stores and wealth not being accumulated,
非國之害也。	which occasions the ruin of a State."
上無禮，	When superiors do not observe the rules of propriety,
下無學，	and inferiors do not learn,
賊民興，	then seditious people spring up,
喪無日矣。	and that State will perish in no time.
《詩》曰：	It is said in the Book of Poetry,
『天之方蹶，	"When such an overthrow of Zhou is being produced by Heaven,
無然泄泄。』	Be not ye so much at your ease!"
泄泄，猶沓沓也。	" At your ease;" - that is, dilatory.
事君無義，進退無禮，言則非先王之道者，猶沓沓也。	And so dilatory may those officers be deemed, who serve their prince without righteousness, who take office and retire from it without regard to propriety, and who in their words disown the ways of the ancient kings.
故曰：	Therefore it is said,
責難於君謂之恭，	"To urge one's sovereign to difficult achievements may be called showing respect for him.
陳善閉邪謂之敬，	To set before him what is good and repress his perversities may be called showing reverence for him.
吾君不能謂之賊。」	He who does not do these things, saying to himself, My sovereign is incompetent to this, may be said to play the thief with him."'

Character	Composition	Variants	Reading	Meaning	Hanyu	Kangxi	Cihai
故	攴+5		gù ㄍㄨˋ	Cause. / State of affairs. / Event, incident. / Plot. / Old. / Past, original. / Death. / On purpose. / Originally. / Hence, thus.	v2,p1453#05	p.469#25	p.601r5c01
曰	曰+0		yuē ㄩㄝ	Say, speak. / Call, name. / Particle.	v2,p1482#02	p.502#01	p.648r3c03
城	土+6		chéng ㄔㄥˊ	castle; city, town; municipality	v1,p0438#07	p.229#32	p.320r1c02
郭	邑+8	𨟍	guō guó ㄍㄨㄛㄍㄨㄛˊ	outer part (of a city); surname	v6,p3780#07	p.1273#13	p.1340r5c01
不	一+3	不𠀚𠙐	bù ㄅㄨˋ	Not have. / To not be. / Negational adverb, used before verbs, adjectives, etc. to indicate negation. / Negational adverb expressing prohibition: do not. / Negational adverb expressing rhetorical question: is not...?	v1,p0011#06	p.76#15	p.30r1c01
			fǒu ㄈㄡˇ	Same as 「否(1.2)」 fǒu ㄈㄡˇ: Adverb used together with an affirmative word, expressing its negative or opposite. / Same as 「否(1.3)」 fǒu ㄈㄡˇ: Adverb used at the end of a question to form a yes-no question.
			fū ㄈㄨ	Sepal of a flower.
			pī ㄆㄧ	Same as 「丕(1)」 pī ㄆㄧ: Large.
			bǐ ㄅㄧˇ	Show disdain for.
完	宀+4	烟煙寬	wán ㄨㄢˊ	complete, finish, settle; whole	v2,p0914#02	p.282#13	p.410r6c01
兵	八+5	𠈯𠡿	bīng ㄅㄧㄥ	soldier, troops	v1,p0244#04	p.127#10	p.162r1c02
甲	田+0	𠇚𡴌	jiǎ ㄐㄧㄚˇ	armor, shell; fingernails; 1st heavenly stem	v4,p2525#01	p.758#01	p.910r3c01
多	夕+3	夛𡖇𡖈	duō ㄉㄨㄛ	much, many; more than, over	v2,p0862#02	p.246#11	p.339r4c01
非	非+0		fēi ㄈㄟ	Violate, go against (a rule). / Wrong, bad. / Not real, untrue. / Oppose, object to. / Slander, condemn. / Sarcasm, irony. / Absence of, not have. / Adverb: not, is not.	v6,p4086#01	p.1382#11	p.1463r6c02
			fěi ㄈㄟˇ	Same as 「誹(2)」 fěi ㄈㄟˇ: Slander.
國	囗+8	圀國囗囶𢧌䆐囯国	guó ㄍㄨㄛˊ	nation, country, nation-state	v1,p0720#09	p.219#16	p.303r4c02
之	丿+3	㞢	zhī ㄓ	Towards; go to. / Demonstrative pronoun: this, these. / Third person pronoun: him, her, it. / Auxiliary word: of. / Auxiliary word: used between subject and predicate, cancels independence of a clause. / Auxiliary word: used in a sentence for aesthetic purpose only, no meaning.	v1,p0043#01	p.82#04	p.47r2c02
災	火+3	烖𤆎𦸜灾菑	zāi ㄗㄞ	calamity, disaster, catastrophe	v3,p2190#06	p.666#18	p.843r3c01
也	乙+2	𠃟匜	yě ㄧㄝˇ	Modal particle used at the end of a sentence, expressing assertion and affirmation. / Modal particle used at the end of a question for emphasis. / Modal particle used at the end of a cause-effect sentence to express explanation. / Modal particle used in the middle of a sentence to express a pause.	v1,p0050#05	p.84#04	p.55r1c01
田	田+0		tián ㄊㄧㄢˊ	field, arable land, cultivated	v4,p2524#01	p.756#11	p.909r3c02
野	里+4	埜𡐨	yě ㄧㄝˇ	open country, field; wilderness	v6,p3683#01	p.1291#05	p.1360r2c01
辟	辛+6	避𠈳𠊸	pì pī bì mǐ ㄆㄧˋ ㄆㄧㄅㄧˋ ㄇㄧˇ	law, rule; open up, develop	v6,p4037#08	p.1251#06	p.1309r1c02
貨	貝+4	䞈𣱷货	huò ㄏㄨㄛˋ	goods, commodities, products	v6,p3627#01	p.1205#12	p.1270r4c01
財	貝+3	㒲才财	cái ㄘㄞˊ	wealth, valuables, riches	v6,p3624#07	p.1204#11	p.1269r5c02
聚	耳+8		jù ㄐㄩˋ	assemble, meet together, collect	v4,p2791#18	p.967#41	p.1084r1c01
害	宀+7		hài ㄏㄞˋ	Injure, kill. / Damage, obstruct. / Disaster. / Harm, harmful effect. / Fear. / Difficult path, dangerous area. / Jealous.	v2,p0929#05	p.286#12	p.419r5c01
			hé ㄏㄜˊ	What. / Why not.
			è ㄜˋ	Stop, prevent.
上	一+2	丄𠄞	shàng ㄕㄤˋ	top; superior, highest; go up, send up	v1,p0005#04	p.76#07	p.24r2c01
無	火+8	𣟒𣚨𠘩无橆	wú ㄨˊ	Not have. / Philosophical category referring to absence, non-existence, or vacuity. / Adverb expressing negation: not. / Adverb expressing questioning: or not. / Connective: regardless of. / Connective: even if. / Particle used at the beginning of a sentence, no meaning. / Do not. / Barren, uncultivated.	v3,p2211#15	p.673#26	p.848r2c04
禮	示+13	禮礼𠃞𤔑礼	lǐ ㄌㄧˇ	social custom; manners; courtesy; rites	v4,p2409#14	p.847#07	p.985r2c04
下	一+2	丅厥𠄟	xià ㄒㄧㄚˋ	under, underneath, below; down; inferior; bring down	v1,p0007#01	p.76#10	p.28r1c01
學	子+13	𢻯斈学	xué ㄒㄩㄝˊ	Study, learn. / Doctrine, teaching. / School of thought. / School, place of learning. / Account, state.	v2,p1019#11	p.280#28	p.403r3c05
			xiào ㄒㄧㄠˋ	Instruct, teach.
賊	貝+6	戝贼	zéi zé ㄗㄟˊ ㄗㄜˊ	thief, traitor	v6,p3637#01	p.1208#14	p.1275r4c01
民	氏+1	𠘽	mín ㄇㄧㄣˊ	people, subjects, citizens	v3,p2131#01	p.598#01	p.750r3c01
興	臼+9	㒷兴	xīng ㄒㄧㄥ	Get up, arise. / Rise up, appear. / Create. / Establish, set up. / Advocate. / Move, start moving, raise (an army). / Do. / Select, pick out. / Collect. / Flourish, prosper.	v1,p0253#09	p.1005#05	p.1113r4c01
			xìng ㄒㄧㄥˋ	Like, appreciate. / Metaphor. / One of the six literary styles in the Book of Poetry.
喪	口+9	𡂤𡴧𡂧𦦦𡚏丧	sàng ㄙㄤˋ	Lose, cease to have. / Die. / Destroy, lose.	v1,p0650#03	p.200#12	p.286r5c02
			sāng ㄙㄤ	Funeral rites, mourning. / Dismayed, dispirited. / Remains, body in a coffin.
日	日+0	𡆸	rì mì ㄖˋ ㄇㄧˋ	sun; day; daytime	v2,p1482#01	p.489#01	p.627r1c01
矣	矢+2	𠤘	yǐ ㄧˇ	Modal particle used to express declaration. / Modal particle used to express exclamation. / Modal particle used to express an order or request.	v4,p2580#04	p.823#37	p.955r5c01
詩	言+6	𧥳诗	shī ㄕ	poetry; poem, verse, ode	v6,p3961#05	p.1157#15	p.1242r5c03
曰	曰+0		yuē ㄩㄝ	(1) 說。 Say, speak.	v2,p1482#02	p.502#01	p.648r3c03
天	大+1	𠀡𠀘𦴞兲靝𠕹	tiān ㄊㄧㄢ	sky, heaven; god, celestial	v1,p0522#01	p.248#04	p.358r4c01
方	方+0	𤙗	fāng ㄈㄤ	Two boats in line. / Two boats travelling together. / Together, in a row. / Same, equivalent. / Comparison, metaphor. / Square. / Upright, honest. / Land, earth. / Vicinity, area around. / Place, area. / One side, one area. / Wooden board used for writing in ancient times. / (Medical) prescription. / Direction. / Convention. / Standard, rule. / The proper way. / Method, way. / Specialized techniques. / Occupy. / Disobey. / Preposition: just then. / Adverb: while. / Adverb: about to. / Adverb: just. / Criticism.	v3,p2172#01	p.481#03	p.619r4c01
			páng ㄆㄤˊ	Wide, universal.
蹶	足+12	蹷	jué juě guì ㄐㄩㄝˊ ㄐㄩㄝˇ ㄍㄨㄟˋ	stumble, fall down; trample	v6,p3738#09	p.1233#41	p.1294r3c02
然	火+8	燃𤓉	rán ㄖㄢˊ	Burn. / Demonstrative pronoun: like this, like that. / Expresses affirmation: true, indeed so. / Believe correct, affirm. / Adverb: actually, thus. / Connective: but, however, yet. / Particle used at the end of a sentence to express comparison. Like, as if. / Particle used after an adjective or adverb to express state. / Particle used at the end of a sentence to express affirmative mode.	v3,p2213#05	p.675#12	p.852r5c01
泄	水+5	洩渫	xiè yì ㄒㄧㄝˋ ㄧˋ	leak; vent; flow; reveal	v3,p1580#02	p.615#05	p.777r5c02
猶	犬+9	犹	yóu ㄧㄡˊ	A species of monkey / Same, similar. / Similarly, in the same way. / Like, similar to. / Can, able to. / Fitting, suitable. / Still, nevertheless. / Additionally, furthermore. / Connective expression concession: although, despite. / Connective expression supposition: if. / Stratagem, plot. / Method, way. / Scheme, conspire. / Road, path. / Criticize, fault. / Relaxed, at ease. / Same as 「由(1.1)」 yóu ㄧㄡˊ: Do, carry out. / Same as 「由(5.2)」 yóu ㄧㄡˊ: Preposition: from. / Same as 「由(5.1)」 yóu ㄧㄡˊ: Preposition: due to, because of. / Name of a river in modern Shaanxi, flowing into the Yellow River. / Same as 「已(7.3)」 yǐ ㄧˇ: Adverb: extremely.	v2,p1359#09	p.715#20	p.878r1c06
			yáo ㄧㄠˊ	Tremble, shake.
			yōu ㄧㄡ	Good, superior.
沓	水+4		tà dá ㄊㄚˋ ㄉㄚˊ	connected, joined; repeated	v3,p1556#08	p.611#15	p.771r5c01
事	亅+7	亊叓𠭏	shì ㄕˋ	Office, duty. / Job, career. / Things, affairs. / Accident, incident. / Engage (in), pursue. / Serve.	v1,p0023#03	p.85#24	p.58r3c02
君	口+4	𠱩𠱭	jūn ㄐㄩㄣ	The son of heaven. / The ruler of a state. / Dafu (title). / To be ruler. / To rule, to govern.	v1,p0595#06	p.177#07	p.256r6c08
義	羊+7	义	yì ㄧˋ	right conduct, righteousness	v5,p3133#02	p.952#32	p.1071r3c01
進	辵+8	𨙟𨗃进	jìn ㄐㄧㄣˋ	advance, make progress, enter	v6,p3851#05	p.1259#30	p.1322r2c03
退	辵+6	𨓆𨑧𢓴𢓇𨔫	tuì ㄊㄨㄟˋ	step back, retreat, withdraw	v6,p3834#04	p.1256#14	p.1314r4c01
言	言+0	訁𢍗𢍬	yán ㄧㄢˊ	Speak, say. / Discuss, debate. / Tell. / Doctrine, theory, words. / One word. / Sentence. / Particle, no meaning.	v6,p3936#01	p.1146#01	p.1236r5c03
則	刀+7	𠟻𠟭𠞋𠟔则	zé ㄗㄜˊ	Method, rule. / Mimic, emulate. / Level, grade. / Adverb used to emphasize an assertion. / Adverb used to express scope: only. / Connective expressing continuation: then, and then. / Connective emphasizing comparison. / Connective expressing contrast. / Connective expressing allowance: yet, even so. / Connective expressing unexpected turn of events. / Connective expressing suppostion: if.	v1,p0340#06	p.139#31	p.183r5c05
先	儿+4		xiān ㄒㄧㄢ	first, former, previous	v1,p0267#02	p.124#05	p.134r3c02
王	玉+0		wáng ㄨㄤˊ	(1.1) 夏商周三代的最高統治者。 King, title of supreme ruler of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties.	v2,p1099#10	p.727#02	p.888r1c02
道	辵+9	𨕥衟𡬹	dào ㄉㄠˋ	Road, path. / Journey. / Method. / Law, reason. / Doctrine, claim. / Skill, technique. / Principle, right way. / The Dao, the origin of all things in Daoism. / Speak, talk. / Take a course of action. / Take a course of action. / Rites paid to the spirit of roads. / Ancient administrative unit. / Daoism.	v6,p3864#01	p.1262#06	p.1326r3c02
			dǎo ㄉㄠˇ	Lead. / Flow smoothly.
者	老+4		zhě ㄓㄜˇ	Pronoun used after verbs, adjectives, etc. in place of a person or thing. / Pronoun used after numbers in place of a thing. / Pronoun used after time or negation to express "when" or "if". / Expressive particle used in a declarative sentence after the subject. / Expressive particle used in a sentence after the subject to express cause or explanation.	v4,p2780#05	p.961#01	p.1080r1c01
			zhuó ㄓㄨㄛˊ	In, located in.
故	攴+5		gù ㄍㄨˋ	(8) 連詞：所以，因此。 Hence, thus.	v2,p1453#05	p.469#25	p.601r5c01
責	貝+4	𧵩拆责	zé zhài ㄗㄜˊ ㄓㄞˋ	one's responsibility, duty	v6,p3626#02	p.1205#19	p.1271r3c01
難	隹+11	𩁢𩁬𩀙𩁣𩁲𩁩𩀏𩁤难	nán ㄋㄢˊ	Difficult, not easy. / Make difficult, think difficult.	v6,p4108#05	p.1370#05	p.1446r3c01
			nàn ㄋㄢˋ	Disaster. / Blame. / Censure, reject. / Resent. / Hate. / Doctrine, thesis.
			nǎn ㄋㄢˇ	Fear.
			nuó ㄋㄨㄛˊ	Luxuriant. / Ceremony to banish sprits thought responsible for contagion. / How, why.
於	方+4	烏𣱏𤕘于亏扵	yú ㄩˊ	Be (copula). / Be, exist. / Preposition: in. / Preposition: from or to. / Preposition: compared to. / Preposition: to, for, towards. / Preposition: by (indicating passive tense). / Preposition: with, using. / Preposition: due to, because of. / Preposition: by, according to. / Connective: just as. / Auxiliary word, no meaning.	v3,p2175#02	p.481#11	p.622r2c03
謂	言+9	谓	wèi ㄨㄟˋ	To (when speaking to someone). / Say, speak. / Call, name. / Meaning, what is meant. / Discuss, comment on (a person). / How? / Same as 「為(21.3)」 wèi ㄨㄟˋ: Preposition: because of, due to.	v6,p3997#06	p.1173#12	p.1251r6c01
			wéi ㄨㄟˊ	Same as 「為(10)」 wéi ㄨㄟˊ: Count as, be considered as.
恭	心+6		gōng ㄍㄨㄥ	respectful, polite, reverent	v4,p2299#09	p.385#15	p.530r4c02
陳	阜+8	𨸬軙敶陣陈	chén zhèn ㄔㄣˊ ㄓㄣˋ	exhibit, display; plead; surname	v6,p4136#01	p.1353#19	p.1424r5c01
善	口+9	譱𦎍𠾄𧮟	shàn ㄕㄢˋ	Good. / Take to be good, like. / Good person. / Strong point, merit. / Perfect. / Gentle, kind. / Friendly. / Good at doing. / Improve, make good. / Control, regulate. / Food.	v1,p0660#02	p.197#18	p.282r3c04
閉	門+3	閇闭	bì ㄅㄧˋ	shut, close; obstruct, block up	v7,p4283#08	p.1330#14	p.1405r2c02
邪	邑+4	耶	xié ㄒㄧㄝˊ	Wicked, evil. / Wicked or evil person. / Evil or demonic things. / Cause of illness. / Lean, slant.	v6,p3758#04	p.1269#14	p.1336r5c01
			yú ㄩˊ	Excess.
			xú ㄒㄩˊ	Slow, slow moving.
			yé ㄧㄝˊ	Particle expressing questioning or a rhetorical question. / Particle expressing assertion.
敬	攴+9	𣀖𢿩	jìng ㄐㄧㄥˋ	respect, honor; respectfully	v2,p1466#02	p.473#35	p.606r5c02
吾	口+4	𠮣	wú ㄨˊ	First person pronoun: I, we. / Defend, resist.	v1,p0585#13	p.180#03	p.260r5c01
			yú ㄩˊ	See 吾吾.
			yá ㄧㄚˊ	Yunyu, an ancient district.
能	肉+6		néng ㄋㄥˊ	A type of bear. / Ability, talent. / Man of ability, man of talent. / Able to, competent. / Comply with, be friendly towards. / Encompass, obtain. / To, arrive at. / Then, thus. / Same as 「而(4.3)」 ér ㄦˊ: Connective: if, supposing. / Only, merely. / Even if. / Thus, in this way. / Three-legged turtle.	v3,p2074#01	p.981#16	p.1095r5c02
			nài ㄋㄞˋ	Withstand, endure.
			tái ㄊㄞˊ	Same as 「台(1.1)」 tái ㄊㄞˊ: Name of a celestial body.
			tài ㄊㄞˋ	State, form.

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