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中國哲學書電子化計劃 數據維基
-> 隋

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ctext:630334

關係對象文獻依據
typedynasty
namedefault
authority-wikidataQ7405
link-wikipedia_zh隋朝
link-wikipedia_enSui_dynasty
隋朝(581年-619年)是中國歷史之中,上承南北朝、下啟唐朝的一個重要的朝代,史學家常把它和唐朝合稱隋唐。581年隋文帝楊堅受禪建立隋朝,至619年王世充廢隋恭帝楊侗為止,國祚共39年。楊堅屬於北周的胡漢關隴世家,於北周宣帝繼位後逐漸掌握周廷。幼年的北周靜帝即位後,身為皇太后之父的楊堅控制朝政,先後平定尉遲迥司馬消難等反楊叛軍。581年北周靜帝禪讓給楊堅,北周亡,楊堅定國號為「隋」。依據五行相生的順序,北周的「木」德之後為「火」德,因此隋朝以火為德運並選取與火德對應的紅色為正色。隋文帝於587年廢除後梁,於589年隋滅陳之戰攻滅陳朝,俘虜陳後主。隔年9月,控制嶺南地區的冼夫人歸附隋朝。至此,天下一統,隋朝結束了中國自魏晉南北朝以來的分裂局面,重新建立大一統的國家。

隋文帝總結歷朝興亡的原因,維護與農民的關係,調和統治集團內部的關係。這些措施使社會矛盾趨於緩和,經濟、文化得以迅速成長並呈現繁華景象,開創出開皇之治。然而隋文帝晚年剛愎自用,提倡嚴苛重刑,因猜忌而大殺功臣,國力開始衰退。隋文帝的次子楊廣爭奪長子楊勇的太子位獲勝。604年隋文帝去世,楊廣繼位,即隋煬帝。隋煬帝為了鞏固隋朝發展,興建許多大型建設,又東征西討,隋朝發展到極盛。然而隋煬帝好大喜功,忽視民眾感受,嚴重耗費隋朝國力,其中又以三次東征高句麗為最甚,最後引發隋末民變。616年隋煬帝離開東都,前往江都(即今江蘇揚州)。618年宇文化及等人發動兵變,殺死隋煬帝;隋恭帝楊侑禪讓李淵,李淵正式稱帝,建立唐朝;隔年,王世充擁立的隋恭帝楊侗也被廢,隋朝亡。隋末群雄割據的局面,最終也為唐朝所終結。

在政治制度方面,隋朝確立了影響後世深遠的三省六部制,以鞏固中央集權制度;制定出完整的科舉制度,以選拔優秀人才,弱化世族壟斷仕官的能力。另外還建立政事堂議事制度、監察制度、考績制度,這些都強化了政府機制,深刻影響到唐朝與後世的政治制度。在軍事上,繼續推行和改革府兵制;經濟上,一方面實行均田制和租庸調制減輕農民生產壓力,另一方面採取大索貌閱和輸籍制等清差戶口措施,以增加財政收入。這些政策成就了隋初的開皇之治。

為了鞏固隋朝發展,隋文帝隋煬帝還興建了隋唐大運河、隋長城、馳道以及大興城與東都洛陽。這些都提升了位於關中的隋廷對北方地區、關東地區與江南地區的掌控力,使隋朝各地的經濟、文化與人民能順利交流,還誕生出經濟重鎮江都(今揚州)。外交方面,隋朝的盛世也使得當時周邊國家和境內的少數民族如高昌、倭國、高句麗新羅百濟與內屬的東突厥等國都受隋朝文化與典章制度的影響,外交交流以日本的遣隋使最為著名。

隋朝結束自魏晉南北朝以來的分裂局面,奠定日後大唐盛世的基礎,對中國歷史的意義重大。隋朝對於外族文化的接受度高,並與漢文化融合,與唐朝合為在中國歷史上比較開放的朝代。

顯示更多...: 國號   歷史   崛起與大一統   開皇之治   盈滿之國   隋末民變   疆域及行政區劃   政治制度   對外關係   軍事制度   人口   經濟   農業   手工業   商業   建設   大運河   大興城   東京城   隋長城   文化   學術思想   文學、史學與音韻學   宗教   藝術   科技   君主年表   隋末地方割據勢力   相關條目   注釋  

以上介紹摘自維基百科;若有錯漏,敬請在維基百科上修改來源條目
The Sui dynasty (, 隋朝 Suí cháo) was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China of pivotal significance. The Sui unified the Northern and Southern dynasties and reinstalled the rule of ethnic Han in the entirety of China proper, along with sinicization of former nomadic ethnic minorities (Five Barbarians) within its territory. It was succeeded by the Tang dynasty, which largely inherited its foundation.

Founded by Emperor Wen of Sui, the Sui dynasty capital was Chang'an (which was renamed Daxing, modern Xi'an, Shaanxi) from 581–605 and later Luoyang (605–618). Emperors Wen and his successor Yang undertook various centralized reforms, most notably the equal-field system, intended to reduce economic inequality and improve agricultural productivity; the institution of the Five Departments and Six Board (五省六曹 or 五省六部) system, which is a predecessor of Three Departments and Six Ministries system; and the standardization and re-unification of the coinage. They also spread and encouraged Buddhism throughout the empire. By the middle of the dynasty, the newly unified empire entered a golden age of prosperity with vast agricultural surplus that supported rapid population growth.

A lasting legacy of the Sui dynasty was the Grand Canal. With the eastern capital Luoyang at the center of the network, it linked the west-lying capital Chang'an to the economic and agricultural centers of the east towards Jiangdu (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu) and Yuhang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), and to the northern border near modern Beijing. While the pressing initial motives were for shipment of grains to the capital, transporting troops, and military logistics, the reliable inland shipment links would facilitate domestic trade, flow of people and cultural exchange for centuries. Along with the extension of the Great Wall, and the construction of the eastern capital city of Luoyang, these mega projects, led by an efficient centralized bureaucracy, would amass millions of conscripted workers from the large population base, at heavy cost of human lives.

After a series of costly and disastrous military campaigns against Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, ended in defeat by 614, the dynasty disintegrated under a series of popular revolts culminating in the assassination of Emperor Yang by his minister, Yuwen Huaji in 618. The dynasty, which lasted only thirty-seven years, was undermined by ambitious wars and construction projects, which overstretched its resources. Particularly, under Emperor Yang, heavy taxation and compulsory labor duties would eventually induce widespread revolts and brief civil war following the fall of the dynasty.

The dynasty is often compared to the earlier Qin dynasty for unifying China after prolonged division. Wide-ranging reforms and construction projects were undertaken to consolidate the newly unified state, with long-lasting influences beyond their short dynastic reigns.

顯示更多...: History   Emperor Wen and the founding of Sui   Emperor Yang and the reconquest of Vietnam   Goguryeo-Sui wars   Fall of the Sui Dynasty   Culture   Buddhism   Confucianism   Poetry   Rulers   Family tree of the Sui emperors  

以上介紹摘自維基百科;若有錯漏,敬請在維基百科上修改來源條目

主題關係from-dateto-date
顏之推associated-dynasty
隋文帝ruled581/3/4開皇元年二月甲子604/8/13仁壽四年七月丁未
隋煬帝ruled604/8/14仁壽四年七月戊申617/12/17大業十三年十一月辛酉
隋恭帝ruled617/12/18義寧元年十一月壬戌618/6/12義寧二年五月戊午
北史work-subject
隋書work-subject

文獻資料引用次數
舊唐書1
四庫全書總目提要2
南史1
通典1
四庫全書簡明目錄1
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