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-> 圆明园

圆明园[查看正文] [修改] [查看历史]
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关系对象文献依据
typeplace
name圆明园
authority-wikidataQ907894
link-wikipedia_zh圆明园
link-wikipedia_enOld_Summer_Palace
location116.2994454,40.0070425
圆明园是建于清朝的大型皇家园林,供清帝盛夏避暑、听政,处理军政事务,位于现今中华人民共和国北京市海淀区。由圆明园及其附园长春园、绮春园(后改称万春园)、熙春园和春熙院组成,而较大的三园通称为「圆明三园」占地面积3.5平方千米,建筑面积达16万平方米,约合5,200亩一百五十馀景,有「万园之园」之称。

圆明园规模宏伟,运用了各式园林风格及造园技巧,其诗画意境被大多数中国园林学家认为是中国园林艺术的顶峰作品,是中国古典园林平地造园、堆山理水集大成的典范。清朝时一些外国传教士参观圆明园后将其称作「万园之园」。

1860年,圆明园在英法联军之役中被洗劫破坏后放火焚毁,文化大革命期间再次遭到破坏,历经战乱劫掠,现时仅存遗址。在中华人民共和国政府成立圆明圆管理处后开始实施保护与利用。于1979年将其列入为文物保护单位,于1988年,圆明园遗址被中华人民共和国国务院公布为第三批全国重点文物保护单位之一。圆明园遗址中部和东部成立了圆明园遗址公园。2008年7月29日,圆明园管理局宣布,开放九州景区。

圆明园在清室150馀年的创建和经营下,曾以其宏大的地域规模、杰出的营造技艺、精美的建筑景群、丰富的文化收藏和博大精深的民族文化内涵而享誉于世,被誉为「一切造园艺术的典范」,被法国作家维克多·雨果称誉为「理想与艺术的典范」。道光朝时,国事日衰,财力不足,但宁撤万寿、香山、玉泉「三山」的陈设,罢热河避暑与木兰围猎,仍不放弃圆明三园的改建和装饰。1860年英法联军洗劫圆明园,文物被劫掠,同治帝时欲修复圆明园,后因财政困难,被迫停止,改建其他建筑。八国联军之后,又遭到官僚、军阀巧取豪夺的毁灭打击,终变成一片废墟。

显示更多...: 历史   营建   英法联军之役的破坏   清末与民国时期的破坏   共和国建国初期的破坏   当代的保护与修葺   园林特色   园林布局   圆明园   总体布局   圆明园四十景   长春园   总体布局   绮春园   总体布局   圆明园附属园林   现存遗迹   十二生肖兽首铜像   仿造   流行文化   对联   影视作品  

以上介绍摘自维基百科;若有错漏,敬请在维基百科上修改来源条目
The Old Summer Palace, known in Chinese as Yuanming Yuan (圆明园 Yuánmíng Yuán, literally Gardens of Perfect Brightness), originally called the Imperial Gardens (御园 Yù Yuán), and sometimes called the Winter Palace, was a complex of palaces and gardens in present-day Haidian District, Beijing, China. It is northwest of the walls of the former Imperial City section of Beijing. Widely perceived as the pinnacle work of Chinese imperial garden and palace design, the Old Summer Palace was known for its extensive collection of gardens, its building architecture and numerous art and historical treasures. Constructed throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries, the Old Summer Palace was the main imperial residence of Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty and his successors, and where they handled state affairs; the Forbidden City was used for formal ceremonies. It was reputed as the "Garden of Gardens" (万园之园 wàn yuán zhī yuán) in its heyday.

In 1860, during the Second Opium War, as the Anglo-French expedition force steadily approached Beijing, two British envoys, a journalist for The Times and a small escort of British and Indian troopers were sent to meet Prince Yi under a flag of truce to negotiate a Qing surrender. Meanwhile, the French and British troops reached the palace. As news emerged that the negotiation delegation had been imprisoned and tortured, resulting in 20 deaths, the British High Commissioner to China, James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, retaliated by ordering the complete destruction of the palace, which was then carried out by British troops. The palace was so large – covering more than – that it took 4,000 men 3 days of burning to destroy it. Many exquisite artworks – sculptures, porcelain, jade, silk robes, elaborate textiles, gold objects and more – were looted and are now found in 47 museums around the world, according to UNESCO.

显示更多...: Overview   Location   Western mansions   History   Destruction   Aftermath   Recent developments and plans   Gallery  

以上介绍摘自维基百科;若有错漏,敬请在维基百科上修改来源条目

主題關係
正大光明殿part-of

文献资料引用次数
清史稿25
曾文正公年谱1
御制诗初集4
清史纪事本末1
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