生平

世代為遼東望族，祖大壽、祖大樂、祖大弼三兄弟皆遼東將領，大壽最早是熊廷弼、王化貞的部將，後來隨孫承宗，以大壽佐參將金冠守島。天啟三年（1623年）主持修築寧遠城。天啟六年（1626年）正月，努爾哈赤攻寧遠，大壽佐袁崇煥等守城，大敗之，以功升副總兵。天啟七年（1627年）五月，皇太極再攻寧遠，大壽、滿桂率兵與清兵激戰，六月，清軍又敗走，史稱「寧錦大捷」。崇禎元年（1628年）朝廷用袁崇煥督師遼東，賜尚方寶劍，六月，擢大壽為遼東前鋒總兵，駐守錦州。後崇煥誅殺毛文龍，數月後清軍迂迴關寧錦防線從蒙古入塞南下，北京戒嚴，大壽從袁崇煥入衛京師。不久崇煥因皇太極的反間計下獄，大壽率部毀山海關東走，朝野震驚，是為己巳之變。思宗命袁崇煥以書招回，孫承宗亦遣使撫慰，大壽得書，受其感召，全軍皆哭，奮勇殺敵，連克永平、遷安、灤洲，遼左乃安。

崇禎四年（1631年）祖大壽築大凌河城。八月，皇太極兵圍大凌河，孫元化急令孔有德救之，至吳橋兵變，有德倒戈回山東，登州城陷；孫承宗派宋偉、吳襄兩將救援大壽，宋吳兩將不和，在長山坡遭遇潰敗，錦州告急；祖大壽四次突圍均失敗，明軍4萬多、分兩路出擊，全軍皆沒。祖大壽堅守三月，城內糧食殆盡，乃殺馬而食之。馬盡，則殺民及老兵，遂糧盡而降。副將何可綱不從，大壽執之，於後金諸將前殺之。可綱不變色，不出言，含笑而死。皇太極贈以御服黑狐帽、貂裘、雕鞍、白馬，後回錦州為內應。後負約，與清兵多次激戰。崇禎十一年（1638年）祖大壽擊敗多鐸軍，明廷擢為少傅左總督。崇楨十四年（1641年）七月，皇太極率師圍錦州，崇禎即命薊遼總督洪承疇率軍十三萬以解錦州之圍，是為松錦之戰，但洪承疇兵敗被俘。崇禎十五年（1642年）錦州被困年餘，祖大壽糧盡援絕，遂再次降清。他曾經寫信勸其外甥吳三桂投降。吳三桂當時還沒有「衝冠一怒為紅顏」，這種勸降信自然毫無作用。清兵入關後祖大壽任總兵。順治十三年（1656年）病卒於北京，葬于北京。

家庭

有子祖澤潤、祖澤溥、祖澤洪、祖澤清，一個養子祖可法。後人祖世增，辛亥革命時殉清。

後事

1919年，在天津做生意的英國皮貨商克拉虎氏，接受了加拿大皇家安大略博物館採購任務，採買一座明墓運回加拿大，當即有自稱祖大壽的後人聯繫賣墓事宜。1920年，他親自到豐台鐵匠營墓地現場經過考察，經博物館認可後，這才買下了這群石雕以及墓主人的八角形墳墓石雕壁，然後不遠萬里，通過輪船海運到加拿大安大略皇家博物館。

注釋

Background

Zu Dashou was born in Ningyuan, present-day Xingcheng, Liaoning province, during the Ming dynasty. His year of birth is unknown. His courtesy name was Fuyu (復宇).

Defense of Beijing

In November 1629, the Manchu army under Hong Taiji invaded China, bypassing the heavily defended Ming fortress at Ningyuan north of the Great Wall, where Hong Taiji's father Nurhaci had been defeated three years earlier at the Battle of Ningyuan. Slipping through friendly Mongol territory, the Manchus attacked to the west through Xifengkou Pass in Hebei province, aiming towards the capital at Beijing. Yuan Chonghuan, commander of the Ningyuan garrison, sent 20,000 troops under Zu Dashou to relieve Beijing. Zu crossed the Great Wall through Shanhai Pass and marched to Beijing, defeating the Manchus outside the city walls.

Recapturing Luanzhou

Although forced to retreat, Hong Taiji's forces had nevertheless captured the cities of Luanzhou, Qian'an, Zunhua, and Yongping (present-day Lulong County) during his 1629 expedition. In 1630, he left his cousin Amin in Yongping to defend the newly conquered territory. Zu Dashou embarked on a counterattack and recovered Luanzhou. In response, Amin ordered a massacre of the civilian populations of Qian'an and Yongping, plundering the cities and abandoning them to the Ming. News of the slaughter enraged Hong Taiji, who had been cultivating relations with the Chinese population to pacify captured cities and encourage defection by Ming officers. He had Amin arrested and imprisoned, using the opportunity to appropriate Amin's Bordered Blue Banner army by giving it to Amin's younger brother Jirgalang, who was close to Hong Taiji.

Siege of Dalinghe

In 1631, Zu Dashou was serving as commander of the Jinzhou garrison. He was leading his troops on an inspection of Dalinghe (present-day Linghai city) when Hong Taiji, commanding a force of 20,000 Manchu, Mongol, and Han Chinese troops, arrived to attack the city on September 1. At Dalinghe, Zu commanded an army of 14,000 men, half infantry and half cavalry, many of whom were veterans of his previous battles with Manchu forces. The presence of Zu's men was made known to Hong Taiji when his patrols captured a Chinese resident outside the city. Instead of attacking the city directly, the Manchu forces prepared for a long siege, building a moat around the city, and guarding the roads with newly formed artillery units armed with Portuguese cannons under the command of the Chinese general Tong Yangxing.

The Manchu forces focused their efforts on capturing the castles surrounding Dalinghe, sending messengers to each inviting their surrender. They also sent repeated appeals to Zu himself requesting his submission. Meanwhile, several Ming relief forces were defeated by the Manchus outside the city. In October, a larger Ming army of 40,000 men arrived near Jinzhou under the command of Zu's brother-in-law, Wu Xiang. Hong Taiji mobilized his troops and engaged in a field battle with the Ming forces, emerging victorious. On October 13, Hong Taiji wrote Zu Dashou again to solicit his surrender, but received no response. On the 14th, Hong Taiji lured Zu's men to sally forth in an attempt to recapture one of the forts outside the city. The failure of Zu's attack led him to withdraw behind the walls, never attacking again for the duration of the siege. On October 19, another Ming army arrived under the command of Zhang Chun. Making use of Tong Yangxing's gunners, Hong Taiji broke the Ming lines. The Manchus defeated Zhang's army, taking heavy casualties in the process. Zhang Chun was captured and defected to the Manchu side.

First surrender

On November 5, Yuzizhang, the largest of the forts surrounding Dalinghe, surrendered after being pounded for several days by the "red barbarian" Portuguese cannons of Tong Yangxing. The remaining forts soon surrendered one by one. By mid-November, supplies were low in the Manchu camp, but the situation was far worse inside the walls of Dalinghe, where the population had resorted to cannibalism. Messages were exchanged between the two armies regarding the possibility of surrender. Zu Dashou's adopted son Zu Kefa was sent to the Manchu camp. When asked why the Chinese continued to pointlessly defend a now-empty city, Zu Kefa responded that the officers all remembered what had happened at Yongping, where Amin had slaughtered the population the previous year.

After more messages were exchanged, Zu stated his willingness to surrender on the condition that the khan immediately send a force to attack Jinzhou, where Zu's family and those of many of his officers lived. This would enable the soldiers to be reunited with their kin. Knowing that his army was in no condition to mount another major attack, Hong Taiji agreed to a plan in which Zu himself would return to Jinzhou, of which he was still the commanding officer, under the pretense of having escaped from Dalinghe. After entering the city, he would turn it over to the khan. With the plan decided, Zu's forces finally surrendered Dalinghe on November 21.

Escape to Jinzhou

Shortly after surrendering to Hong Taiji, Zu was dispatched to Jinzhou along with 26 retainers to execute his plan to capture the city. On November 26, he sent a letter from Jinzhou explaining that he needed more time to plan the coup. Hong Taiji's reply to this letter went unanswered. Despite leaving his sons and nephews in the care of the khan, Zu Dashou had returned to the Ming to once again command the Jinzhou garrison. In the following years, his sons would become important officers of the Manchu Qing military. Zu Zerun joined the Plain Yellow Banner as a general, while Zu Kefa become a leading architect of the conquest of the Ming.

Second surrender

In 1636, Hong Taiji declared himself Emperor Taizong of the Qing dynasty. After subjugating Korea and Inner Mongolia, he turned his sights upon Jinzhou once again. The Qing attacked Jinzhou in 1639 and again in 1640. Both times they were defeated by Zu Dashou. In 1641, Taizong sent an army to besiege Jinzhou and Songshan. The commander of Songshan was Hong Chengchou, commander-in-chief of frontier defenses. Songshan was captured on March 18, 1642 along with several brothers of Zu Dashou: Zu Dale, Zu Daming, and Zu Dacheng. Zu Dale was Zu Dashou's younger brother, and, along with Dashou's sons, were sent to speak with Zu Dashou during the siege of Jinzhou to convince him to surrender, which he did on April 8, 1642, after a long siege in which, just as at Dalinghe previously, his troops had resorted to cannibalism. Hong Taiji, now Emperor Taizong, chided Zu for his treachery after his first surrender at Dalinghe. Nevertheless, Zu was forgiven and permitted to serve the Qing alongside the other members of his clan, many of whom had already served with distinction.

Service under the Qing

After surrendering to the Qing, Zu wrote several letters to the commander of Ningyuan, his nephew Wu Sangui, to solicit his defection to the Qing. When the rebels of Li Zicheng captured Beijing in 1644, prompting the suicide of the Chongzhen Emperor, Wu cast his lot with the Manchus. He opened the gates of Shanhai Pass to the Qing army under Dorgon in order to mount a joint campaign to oust the rebels from the capital. With this act, the Qing captured Beijing. Although the war between Ming and Qing would last several decades longer, the Ming would never recover from this loss.

Zu Dashou died in Beijing in 1656. He was buried with full honors as a member of the Plain Yellow Banner.

Tomb

In 1921, Charles Trick Currelly, the archaeological director of the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Canada, purchased a set of Chinese artifacts from the fur trader George Crofts. Among the artifacts, the most spectacular was the so-called "Ming Tomb", which came from a village north of Beijing. It was rumoured to be the tomb of Zu Dashou, but the rumour was not confirmed until 90 years later, when researchers concluded that the tomb belonged to Zu Dashou and his three wives. The tomb is on the museum's list of "iconic objects".

In 2013, 25 fragments of Zu Dashou's tombstone were found in his hometown Xingcheng. The largest fragment weighs more than . Altogether the fragments comprise the upper half of his tombstone, inscribed with 81 Chinese characters. The tombstone was originally at least tall. His descendants still live in the area.