沿革

南燕朝廷人物主要来自后燕，后燕在396年遭北魏侵略后迅速丢失其大部分黄河以北的中原领地，如此后燕领土就被截为南北两部分，北部幽冀地方为后燕皇帝慕容宝所控制，南部则由后燕残馀力量占据。397年，原后燕国都中山在慕容宝弃守后先后经历两位后燕宗室慕容详及慕容麟统治，终为北魏攻陷，后燕在中原地区就仅馀范阳王慕容德所据守的邺城。自中山败走的慕容麟到邺城依附慕容德，并表示北魏接著肯定会进攻邺城，而邺城虽然粮食充足但难以固守，加上人心不稳，根本无法和魏军作战，主张慕容德趁魏军未到率众前往由鲁阳王慕容和据守的滑台（今河南滑县），以当地作为根据地徐图后计。慕容德早前已收到慕容和作出的同类建议，又鉴于当时形势，决定出发，并在398年到达滑台，并自称燕王，正式脱离后燕《资治通鉴·卷一百一十》。

但当时的南燕朝廷所有土地和兵力都少，尤其在399年南燕冠军将军苻广据乞活堡叛变自立，并击破北地王慕容锺后，很多原本依附南燕朝廷的部众都转投苻广，这逼使慕容德亲征苻广。此战虽然成功诛灭苻广，但其时留守滑台的慕容和又遭其长史李辩杀害，并据城叛投北魏。北魏将领和跋控制滑台后，先击败慕容德派往进攻的军队，后又击败桂阳王慕容镇，这令陈留、颖川一带人民大多都望风附魏。慕容云带著滑台城中约二万人的南燕馀部逃出与慕容德会合后，慕容德就从反攻滑台、占据彭城（今江苏省徐州市）及攻取广固三策中选出广固为南燕新的根据地。当时广固是由东晋所有，慕容德劝说幽州刺史辟闾浑投降不果，遂派北地王慕容锺进攻他，自己则向南攻取了琅邪郡，获得徐兖一带共十多万人民向度归附。慕容德接著北攻梁父及莒县，分别在两地置兖州及徐州。慕容锺传檄诸郡招降并获得成功，这令想坚守的辟闾浑陷入孤立，最终弃城逃走，在莒城被南燕军所杀。慕容德于是成功占领并定都广固，并在400年称帝《资治通鉴·卷一百一十一》。

405年，慕容德死，后主慕容超以皇太子身份即位。410年，东晋将领刘裕领兵进攻南燕，慕容超坚守广固七个月后城破被诛。南燕历两代而灭亡。

行政规划

南燕实际上只领有西晋时期青州及徐州部分土地，但其将全国领土分为五州管理《晋书·地理志下》：及苻氏败后，刺史苻朗以州降。朝廷置幽州，以别驾辟闾浑为刺史，镇广固。隆安四年，为慕容德所灭，遂都之，是为南燕，复改为青州。德以并州牧镇阴平，幽州刺史镇发干，徐州刺史镇莒城，青州刺史镇东莱，兖州刺史镇梁父。慕容超移青州于东莱郡，后为刘裕所灭。

南燕皇帝列表

History

In the years after the Battle of Canhe Slope in 395, the Later Yan began to quickly collapse, losing most territory to the Northern Wei. Murong De, uncle of Later Yan emperor Murong Bao, successfully defended some cities in the southern part of the state, including Yecheng and Huatai, and eventually claimed the imperial title in 398, forming Southern Yan. Murong De nearly captured and killed Murong Bao when the latter came Huatai, unaware that his uncle had declared independence. Murong Bao managed to flee back north when he heard, and would continue to defend the remaining territory of Later Yan. Just a year later when Murong De was on campaign a traitor opened the gates of Huatai to Northern Wei forces, leaving Murong De stranded without any territory. He decided to attack Qing Province of the Jin Dynasty, which corresponds to modern central and eastern Shandong. He took the province with ease and successfully reestablished Southern Yan. Murong De would rule for 6 more years after this, in which Southern Yan was peaceful and prosperous to live in. However Murong De was getting older and sicker and was without any living sons. However in 405 a nephew of his called Murong Chao arrived in Guanggu (the capital of Southern Yan) having previously been a beggar in Later Qin, and was almost immediately made heir. Murong De died that same fall and was succeeded by Murong Chao. Murong Chao』s mother and wife were still in Later Qin and Murong Chao agreed to become a vassal and give up his court musicians in return for their safe passage to Southern Yan. In 409 Murong Chao attacked the Jin for prisoners to be trained as new musicians. This prompted an invasion of Southern Yan by the Jin general Liu Yu. Liu Yu defeated the Southern Yan army at the Battle of Linqu and then besieged Guanggu, eventually taking the city. Murong Chao was captured and executed and Southern Yan was annexed by Jin

Rulers of the Southern Yan