Liu Bingzhong (劉秉忠; 1216–1274), or
Liu Kan (劉侃) was a
Yuan dynasty court adviser and architect. He was born in Ruizhou (Rui prefecture), during the
Jin dynasty. In 1233, he entered the Jin's bureaucracy. He still was an officer after the
Mongol Empire conquered the Jin following the Mongol–Jin wars, but later he became a monk. However his teacher thought that his talent should not be buried, so he recommended Liu Bingzhong to
Kublai Khan, to become his adviser. During this period, he was extolled as the
Five Talented in Xintai. He was credited with occult powers which allowed him to foretell the future and so assist military operations. Liu had a paramount influence on Yuan era city designs, and he is known to have planned both the Yuan capital of Dadu and its summer capital Xanadu (Shangdu).
Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu made a plan "to canvass all talented to give well-governorship suggestions". Many Confucianists, such as Xu Heng, Wang Xun, Zhang Yi, were attracted to provide ruse to Kublai Khan, who later became the founder of the Yuan Dynasty.
After the Battle of Diaoyu Fortress, Möngke Khan died and Kublai Khan succeeded his post. Liu Bingzhong suggested to name the new dynasty as "Da Yuan" (大元; "Great Yuan") with reference to I Ching, which was adopted by Kublai Khan in 1271. He also suggested Kublai Khan adopt Chinese law over that of Mongol law, and removed some Mongolian misgovernment.
Kublai Khan recognized Jin's Central Capital as the capital of the Yuan, and renamed it to Dadu ("Great Capital"). Liu Bingzhong was the planner and the original architect of the Capital Construction of Dadu. Liu also designed and planned the layout of the Yuan's summer capital at Xanadu (Shangdu). Liu formulated the Time Service Calendar with Guo Shoujing. When he became the teacher of Zhenjin, who later became the Crown Prince (皇太子), he set up the Zishan College in Wuon Mountain to teach Confucianism and Natural Science.
In 1274, he died in Nanbing Mountain Villa.
Read more...: Literary Work
Literary Work
• Spring Corpus 藏春集 (6 volumes);
• Spring Poetry Anthology 藏春词;
• Poetry Anthology 诗集 (22 volumes);
• Corpus 文集 (10 volumes);
• Pingsha Jade Ruler 平沙玉尺 (4 volumes);
• Jade Ruler and New Mirror 玉尺新镜 (2 volumes).
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劉秉忠(1216年 - 1274年),原名
侃,任官後,敕賜名
秉忠,法名
子聰,字
仲晦,號
藏春散人,祖籍
金國瑞州(今遼寧省綏中縣前衛鎮),
元朝政治家、儒學家,世祖
忽必烈時曾任
宰相。諡
文正,贈
太傅、
常山王。是元帝國都城上都、大都,政治體制,國號的設計者。
Read more...: 生平 出身世家,懷才不遇 遇見伯樂,受到重用 輔治天下,功勛卓著 無疾而終 成就
生平
出身世家,懷才不遇
劉秉忠出身華北,祖籍瑞州,家居邢州,世代為遼朝、金朝官宦世家大族。十七歲時曾仕金朝,擔任邢台節度府令史。
時逢亂世,劉侃感慨「大丈夫懷才不遇,應當隱居起來尋找機會」,于是放棄官職上了武安山,被武安山天寧寺虛照禪師招至該寺內為僧,授法名子聰。
後雲遊天下,至雲中時,留居南堂寺。
遇見伯樂,受到重用
海雲禪師奉召,路至雲中時,聽聞劉秉忠博學多才,便邀之同行,隨後推薦給尚未即位的忽必烈,成為其重要謀臣。時人更以他才能卓著,稱其「聰書記」,位列「邢州五傑」之首。
劉秉忠出仕後,他與姚樞等人,制定「廣招天下英俊,講論治道」的用人方針,大舉招賢納士。如當時的大儒許衡、王恂、張易等人入仕,為當時仍為藩王的忽必烈出謀劃策。
劉秉忠跟隨忽必烈曾于1253年和1254年兩次征伐大理,及1259年征宋時,力勸忽必烈「王者之神武不殺」,故破城後未妄加屠戮一人。
1256年,劉秉忠受忽必烈命,于桓州東面灤水北面,設計修建一座新的城池。修建三年完成,取名為開平,于忽必烈稱帝時升為上都。
1259年,蒙哥可汗在釣魚城之戰中病故,忽必烈聽從張易計策,搶在其弟阿里不哥行動之前,帶著劉秉忠、姚樞等重要謀士,日夜兼程,輕騎奔回北方稱帝。
1260年,忽必烈正式稱帝,採納劉秉忠的建議,下詔建元紀年,年號「中統」,意即「中原正統」。並實行中原制度,建立中書省和宣撫司等機構。
至元元年(1264年),在翰林學士承旨王鶚的建議下,元世祖忽必烈詔拜劉秉忠為光祿大夫,位太保,參領中書省事。
輔治天下,功勛卓著
至元三年(1266年),劉秉忠受命,在原金中都燕京城東北設計興建新的都城(即後來的大都),並修建宗廟宮室。
至元八年,秉忠上書忽必烈,建議根據《易經》中「大哉乾元」,將政權名為「大元」,同時他亦向忽必烈進言「治亂之道,繫乎天而由乎人」、「以馬上取天下,不可以馬上治」,主張參照漢人法律,改善法度、革除弊政。
劉秉忠先後頒章服,舉朝儀,給俸祿,定官制,是元朝政治制度的設計者。
而他擔任中書令期間,他除先後參與設計上都、以及國都大都兩座城市的工程外,還與同鄉郭守敬一同訂定授時曆。而在他任太子太保期間,更在他出家的地方修建了「紫山書院」,同時在此收徒講學,不但傳授儒家經典,也教授自然科學,使紫山書院成為學習研究科學技術的基地。
無疾而終
至元十一年八月,在南屏山別墅無疾而終,時年五十九。忽必烈悲慟不已,追封太傅、趙國公,諡文貞。至元成宗時,贈太師、諡文正。迄元仁宗時,再加封常山王。
成就
秉忠于書無所不讀,尤其《易經》及邵氏《經世書》,並且精通于天文、地理、律歷、三式六壬遁甲之屬等,論天下事如指諸掌。
其著作甚豐,計有《藏春集》六卷、《藏春詞》一卷、《詩集》二十二卷、《文集》十卷、《平沙玉尺》四卷、《玉尺新鏡》二卷等。
The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the
original article.