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胡季牦[View] [Edit] [History]ctext:440836
Relation | Target | Textual basis |
---|---|---|
type | person | |
name | 胡季牦 | default |
name | 黎季牦 | |
ruled | dynasty:胡朝 | |
from-date 圣元元年 1400/1/27 - 1401/1/14 | ||
to-date 圣元元年 1400/1/27 - 1401/1/14 | ||
authority-wikidata | Q1319152 | |
link-wikipedia_zh | 胡季牦 | |
link-wikipedia_en | Hồ_Quý_Ly |
Read more...: Biography Early career Rise to power As a chief minister Reign and exile Family Works Speech Legacy
Biography
Early career
Hồ Quý Ly was born in 1336 at Đại Lại village, Vĩnh Ninh district, Ái Châu, Thanh Đô town with aristocracy's standing. His birth name was Lê Quý Ly (黎季牦), courtesy name Lý Nguyên (理元) or Nhất Nguyên (一元), as he was adopted by Lê Huan, after whom he took the family name. Descended from a Chinese family named Hu who had migrated from Zhejiang (China) to Dien Chau (modern-day Thanh Hóa) in the tenth century, he adopted the Vietnamese surname Lê to appeal to the local elite. Two of Quý Ly's paternal aunts first came to the court of king Tran Nghe Tong (r. 1370–1372) and were honored in 1371 and 1372, thus enabled Ho Quy Ly's rise to power. In 1371, he got married with a princess of king Tran Minh Tong after finishing a commission of the king.
Rise to power
At the time, power in Dai Viet remained in the hands of the royal family and the aristocracy. In 1375, through beneficial royal contacts, Quý Ly received a high military rank. In June 1376, Che Bong Nga of Champa launched an offensive into Hoa Chau. King Tran Due Tong (r. 1373–1377) called the army for a counterattack. Quý Ly was responsible for transporting supplies and army from Nghe An, Tan Binh and Thuan Hoa, while general Do Tu Binh commanded the army. The campaign became disastrous in January 1377 as king Due Tong was killed in battle and prince Tran Huc was captured; only Do Tu Binh and Le Quý Ly were able to flee. Le Quý Ly disappeared from politics for two years. Following the victory in Vijaya, Che Bong Nga's army rapidly advanced into the Red River Delta and sacked Hanoi, gaining control of vast territories including Thanh Hoa and Nghe An.
In 1380, Quý Ly joined Do Tu Binh in fending off a Cham attack in Thanh Hoa. In 1382, Che Bong Nga launched another northward assault into Thanh Hoa by both land and sea. A local general named Nguyen Da Phuong, put aside Quý Ly's orders and left his position to attack, inflicting a series of defeats on the Cham forces and forcing them to withdraw back to the south. In early 1383, a large fleet of Quý Ly was cancelled due to a storm. In summer, Che Bong Nga launched a new offensive through the mountains in Eastern Laos, bypassing Quý Ly's position, and attacked Son Tay from the west. King Nghe Tong ordered troops to stop the Cham advances, but they were routed and a Vietnamese commander was captured. The king once again fled north across the Red River while Cham troops sacked Hanoi, occupying it for six months before their departure.
As a chief minister
In March 1387 Nghe Tong returned to the capital and Quý Ly was appointed chief minister. By September, anti-Quy Ly faction began emerging in the court. Le A Phu, an official, had warned Prince Ngac about Quý Ly and secretly sent an offer to Tran Phe De (r. 1377–1388) seeking Quý Ly's death. However the conspiracy was leaked. With advise from Pham Cu Luan, Quý Ly came to the old king Nghe Tong, urged to purge the young king Phe De and place Prince Ngung on the throne. In 1388, Tran Phe De was dethroned and executed, along with Le A Phu and other supporters. Prince Ngu was crowned as Tran Thuan Tong (r. 1389–1398). Quý Ly promptly married his eldest daughter to Thuan Tong while continued placing his own men to the government.
In mid-1389, chaos and revolts against Quý Ly occurred in Thanh Hoa. Take advantage, Che Bong Nga launched a new attack on Thanh Hoa. Quý Ly led an army to against them but was badly defeated. Quý Ly asked Nghe Tong for royal warships, but he preferred to keep them in defense of the capital. In late 1389, a Buddhist monk from Son Tay led a revolt the court, attacked the capital and forced two monarchs Nghe Tong and Thuan Tong to flee to Bac Ninh. As the same time, troops were rallied to put down the rebellion while the Cham forces remained themselves in southern Delta. In February 1390, the Vietnamese inflicted a heavy defeat on the Chams that ended the war. The great Cham king was killed and his general La Ngai fled to the south, proclaimed as Jaya Simhavarman VI.
In 1392, through manipulating Nghe Tong, Quý Ly removed Tran Nhat Chuong, a member of the royal family for plotting to kill him. In later that year, he established the first strong centralized system to patrol the country. He also introduced classical Chinese learning into Vietnamese state. In opposite, two of the top Vietnamese scholars, Dao Su Tich and Doan Su Loi protested against the new ideology. In 1393, Quý Ly held the first examination for both classical scholars and low officials. His reforms received fully supports and encourage from the old king Nghe Tong. In January 1395, Nghe Tong passed away. Quy Ly's first move was translating the Book of Documents into Nom. In the same year, he forbade officials to wear broad-sleeve garments, allowing only narrow sleeves. In the next year, he set up entire the government dresses. He issued the first Vietnamese banknotes. Quy Ly worked on many aspect, tried to integrate Chinese classic learning and Confucianism into the Vietnamese state. In early 1397, he ordered the construction of a new capital in northwest Thanh Hoa. He renamed the old capital Hanoi to Dong Do, while his new capital is called Tay Do.
In early 1398, Quý Ly manipulated king Thuan Tong into abdicating. He appointed the two-year-old Prince An as king Tran Thieu De (r. 1398–1400). In 1399 Quý Ly moved the abdicated Thuan Tong into isolation.
Reign and exile
In 1400, Quý Ly dethroned the last Trần emperor and declared himself emperor, establishing his clan in royal positions and renaming the kingdom from Đại Việt to Đại Ngu. Encountering a failed coup by the Trần, Quý Ly suppressed dissenters by executing 370 dissidents, seizing their possessions, enslaving their female relatives, and burying alive or drowning males of all ages.
In 1401, he abdicated in favor of his second son Hồ Hán Thương, who also the grandson of Tran Minh Tong. In accordance with the former Trần dynasty's tradition, Hồ Quý Ly styled himself as Emperor Emeritus and still possessed much power over state affairs. From 1400 to 1403, Hồ Quý Ly and his son, Hồ Hán Thương sent three expeditions against Champa. The first and third expeditions ended with Champa's defensive victory; however the second one (1402) resulted in the Champa King Jaya Simhavarman V relinquishing southern Quảng Nam and northern Quảng Ngãi to Dai Viet.
In 1407, he was captured by Ming forces in Thiên Cầm cave and was exiled to China. He was forced to enlist in the Ming army as a common soldier. It is not clear when he died. His son, Hồ Hán Thương, and grandson, Hồ Nhuế, also died in Chinese exile.
Family
• Forefather : Hồ Hưng Dật
• Father : Hồ Quốc Mạo
• Mother : Phạm Thị Mỗ
• Brothers : Hồ Quý Đôn, Hồ Quý Uông, Hồ Quý Mỗ, Hồ Quý Hàm, Hồ Quý Tì
• Spouses : Huy Ninh Princess, Thái Từ Empress, Nguyễn Thị Mỗ
• Children : Hồ Nguyên Trừng (general), Hồ Hán Thương (second emperor), Hồ Thánh Ngâu (Trần dynasty's empress)
• Grandchildren : Hồ Nhuế (crown prince), Hồ Ngũ Lang, Hồ Vô Cữu, Hồ Tử Chương, Hồ Tử Việp, Trần Thiếu Đế
Works
• Quốc ngữ thi nghĩa (国语诗义)
• Minh đạo lục (明道录)
Speech
Legacy
Hồ Quý Ly has been a subject of controversial debates among Vietnamese historians, some scholars value his radical thoughts and reformation, while others regard him as a usurper. He ordered the construction of a citadel in Thanh Hóa Province. The remnants of this citadel are included in UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites.
他本是陈朝的一位权臣和外戚,1400年篡夺了皇位,改国号为大虞。不久让位给次子胡汉苍,以太上皇的身份仍掌朝政。1407年胡朝在同明朝的战争中灭亡,他同亲属一同被俘虏,被明军执送京师应天府。
胡季牦也是一位儒学学者和诗人,他对越南的民族文字喃字的发展起著重要贡献。
Read more...: 出身 陈朝权臣 陈艺宗的重用 渐夺政权 篡位的准备 建立胡朝 自立为帝与禅位其子 胡季牦改革 内忧外患 明朝的进攻、胡朝的灭亡 下落之谜 文学 文教贡献 诗文 评价 家族
出身
根据《大越史记全书》的记载,胡季牦祖先名叫胡兴逸,中国浙江人,在五代十国后汉时期前来安南,镇守演州。此后家居演州的泡突乡,成为当地的寨主。到了李朝的时候,娶月的公主,生下了月端公主。胡兴逸的十二代孙胡廉迁居清化的大吏乡,做了宣尉黎训义子,从此改姓黎。胡季牦是胡廉的第四世孙,也就是胡兴逸的第十六世孙。
胡季牦家族显贵,陈明宗的两位皇后明慈皇后和敦慈皇后都是胡季牦的姑母。明慈皇后生陈艺宗,敦慈皇后生陈睿宗。陈睿宗的嘉慈皇后黎氏是胡季牦从妹,生陈废帝。
陈朝权臣
陈艺宗的重用
在陈裕宗在位期间,胡季牦的官职仅仅只是祗候四局正掌,但1371年陈艺宗即位后,因为外戚的缘故,尤为重用胡季牦,立即将他升为枢密院大使,使得胡季牦得以掌握陈朝大权。艺宗妹妹徽宁公主的丈夫陈仁荣被杨日礼杀害,艺宗将其改嫁给了胡季牦。同年胡季牦被派往乂安安抚边境,因功封忠宣国上侯。
次年陈艺宗禅位给弟弟陈睿宗,胡季牦仍受重用。1375年,陈睿宗准备讨伐占城,让胡季牦参谋军事,遴选各地精通武术或者兵法的官员担任将军。1376年,上皇陈艺宗与皇帝陈睿宗亲自讨伐占城,胡季牦负责押送粮草,次年陈睿宗被占城击毙。统帅后军的杜子平领兵不救自行逃归;押运粮草的胡季牦在军中得知其死讯,也先自逃归。事后杜子平被追究责任,废为庶人;但胡季牦却因被上皇重用而免于问罪,依然官居原职。
渐夺政权
陈睿宗死后,其子陈废帝嗣位。1379年,胡季牦开始兼任小司空。胡季牦推荐其结义兄弟阮多方为将军,又推荐自己的党羽范巨论为权都事,在朝中竖立自己的党羽,逐渐掌握陈朝的大权。
而胡季牦本人也确有才干,在对占婆战争和治国上均展现其才。1380年,占城国王制蓬峨引诱新平、顺化的盗贼袭击乂安和演州,占城继其后攻打清化等地。胡季牦领水军、杜子平领步军前往防御,在虞江(今清化)相持。胡季牦率水军出战。神武军将金鳌畏惧占军,退缩不前,胡季牦杀之,诸军鼓噪而前,击败了制蓬峨。这是陈朝第一次击败制蓬峨军,胡季牦的威望大大地提高。战后杜子平托以疾病的原因被免职,胡季牦独掌军权。从此阮多方与胡季牦关系开始恶化,阮多方经常在上皇面前谗毁胡季牦。
此后,胡季牦又于1382年、1383年再次征讨占城。1387年受封同平章事,获上皇赐剑一把、旗一只。旗上写著「文武全才,君臣同德」八个字。胡季牦作喃字诗向上皇谢恩。其弟胡季貔则被任命为判首知左右班事。这引起了陈废帝的猜忌,陈废帝与太尉陈𩖃合谋欲除之。王汝舟之子汝梅是陈废帝的侍学,得知此谋后告知了胡季牦。阮多方劝胡季牦出逃大吏山避难,但胡季牦采纳了范巨论的建议,决定向上皇陈艺宗进谗。胡季牦密奏陈艺宗,称:「臣闻里谚言:『未见卖子而养侄,惟见卖侄而养子。』」陈艺宗当即知道了其寓意,深以为然。不久陈艺宗诱废帝至自己的宫殿,囚之于资福寺,废为灵德大王。艺宗改立自己的儿子顺宗继位,而顺宗正是胡季牦的女婿。图谋铲除胡季牦的旧府军将督铁镰军阮快、阮云儿、管铁甲军阮诃、黎勒、管铁枪军阮八索以及废帝亲近的太学生刘常都被诛杀。不久废帝在太阳府被缢杀,胡季牦使其弟季貔将其秘密葬于大排山中。
陈废帝死后,胡季牦的权势更加膨胀。1389年,范巨论成为签书枢密院事,将党羽范泛、王可遵、杨章、韩子西、阮崇、阮书、阮景真、杜子满等人安插到了朝中。然而就在胡季牦权势日炽的时候,占城军队再次入侵清化,胡季牦与阮多方率军防御,但战败。班师回朝之后,胡季牦向陈艺宗请罪,获得了赦免;此后又诬称是由于听信阮多方而导致战败,艺宗遂将阮多方赐死。1390年,占城国王制蓬峨阵亡,占城对陈朝的威胁开始逐渐解除。
在解除了占城的威胁之后,胡季牦开始铲除异己,为日后的篡位铺平道路。太尉陈𩖃是陈艺宗的儿子,封庄定大王。在陈废帝被废黜之后,陈艺宗本打算立其为帝。但由于陈𩖃与胡季牦不和,胡季牦向艺宗进谗导致其未能继位。此后胡季牦又多次向艺宗说陈𩖃的坏话,使陈𩖃被疏远。1391年,陈𩖃受到胡季牦的打压,出逃南定。陈艺宗得知后,派宁卫军将阮仁烈追及,要求他回京。但阮仁烈是胡季牦的党羽,胡季牦密令他在途中将陈𩖃打死,回奏称被暴徒所杀。当上皇问罪之时,胡季牦又嫁祸于阮仁烈,逼其自杀。随后又杀死了反对自己的宗室陈日章,让范巨论知枢密院事,黎景琦(原名黎仁统)入政府为行遣。
此时陈艺宗方才察觉到了胡季牦的权势太大,对陈朝的皇位构成了威胁。但此时胡季牦的权势已经淩驾于艺宗之上,艺宗根本无法制之。为了防止胡季牦将来篡夺皇位,艺宗命画工画了四辅图。该图描绘了中国历史上周公辅佐周成王、霍光辅佐汉昭帝、诸葛亮辅佐蜀后主,以及越南历史上苏宪诚辅佐李高宗的故事。艺宗将其赐予胡季牦,要求他忠诚地辅佐陈朝皇帝。不久又召胡季牦入宫,从容地对胡季牦说:「平章亲族,国家事务一以委之,今国势衰弱,朕方老耄,即世之后,官家可辅则辅之,庸暗则自取之。」胡季牦听到此话后立即免冠叩头谢恩,同时指天地誓曰:「臣不能尽忠戮力官家,传之后裔,天其厌之。」
篡位的准备
同年艺宗就逝世了。陈艺宗死后胡季牦篡位之心日盛,胡季牦又杀死了反对自己的宗室抚军司陈元渊等人,将陈元渊的陈姓改为枚。陈顺宗年幼不懂事,胡季牦担任了辅政太师、平章军国重事之职,封宣忠卫国大王,带金麟符,入居省台之右。胡季牦亲自担任陈顺宗的教师,将《尚书·无逸篇》译为喃字,教授陈顺宗。颁布政令时自称辅政该教皇帝。1397年胡季牦不顾群臣和僚属的反对,派遣吏部尚书兼太史令杜省前往自己的根据地清化府安孙洞建造西都城。同年效仿曹操迁到许都的先例,将都城自升龙迁到了此处,迁百姓以实其地。次年又胁迫顺宗禅位于陈少帝,逼顺宗入淡水村玉清观成为道士,尊之为太上元君皇帝。不久胡季牦作诗逼迫顺宗自尽,但顺宗不从,遂遣车骑将军范可永将他缢死。
陈少帝即位时年仅3岁,为胡季牦的女儿圣偶所生,此时胡季牦篡夺皇位的企图已经非常明显了。太保陈元沆、柱国陈日暾、上将军陈渴真、车骑将军范可永等人欲杀胡季牦,事泄,连同家属共三百七十馀口男丁全部被杀,女人没为官婢。他们家中凡一岁以上的男丁,或是被活埋,或是被溺死。此时有一些强盗打著支持陈朝皇室的旗帜四处掳掠,为了彻底铲除忠于陈朝皇室之人,胡季牦派人四处搜捕陈朝皇室的支持者,使得人心惶惶,引起了百姓的不满。
此后胡季牦自称国祖章皇,穿黄色的龙袍,住在仁寿宫里,出入使用皇帝的车仗。其次子胡汉苍称摄太傅,住在皇元殿之右;长子胡元澄也受封为司徒。但是畏于陈朝皇室支持者的反对,胡季牦在发布诏令的时候自称予而不敢称朕。
建立胡朝
自立为帝与禅位其子
1400年,在胡季牦的安排下,群臣联名上表建议胡季牦称帝。胡季牦最初假装推辞,后来接受了群臣的建议,废陈少帝自立,年号圣元。陈朝自从灭亡。季牦恢复祖先的胡姓,自称是虞舜、胡公满后裔,乃立国号为大虞。
胡季牦虽然篡夺了皇位,但遭到了陈朝遗臣的一致反对。在强大的压力下,胡季牦不得不在同年底传位子胡汉苍(由陈朝宗室徽宁公主所生),自己则以太上皇的身份掌握实权。
胡季牦改革
陈朝自从陈裕宗继位以后不理国事,朝政纲纪逐渐败坏,国势大衰;奴隶、平民和贵族之间的矛盾激化,民变此起彼伏。自从胡季牦被陈艺宗重用以后,颇想解决陈朝末年的残局,开始实施了一系列改革。这些改革直到1407年胡朝灭亡时才停止。
• 强制流通纸币:为了增强朝廷对经济的控制,胡季牦在1396年强制发行一种名叫通宝会钞的纸币以兑换民间的铜币,通宝会钞是越南历史上发行的第一个纸币,共分十文、三十文、一陌钱、二陌钱、三陌钱、五陌钱、一贯的面值。胡季牦下令所有百姓必须以一贯铜钱兑换一贯二纸币的汇率兑换铜钱。同时规定民间伪造纸币者斩首;民间藏匿铜币不兑换者斩首,并没收土地和财产。
• 商业政策:胡季牦在商业上也进行了改革。1403年,胡季牦下令统一全国的度量衡;同时在全国各市场设立市监,严密监视商人的不法行为;统一规定外国商船的商业税。
• 开辟交通线:胡季牦掌权之后,从1375年开始,在全国各地开辟运河和建设官道,并在沿途设置了一些驿站。
• 收土地为国有,限制土地掠夺:在陈朝时期,陈朝皇帝将大量的土地分封给宗室和亲信。这些贵族大量招募和收买家奴,掠夺性地开垦荒地、建立庄园。胡季牦执政后,于1397年下令没收这些王公贵族的土地,任何人的土地不得超过十亩,违者将多馀的田地充公。只有受封大王或长公主的人才能无限制地拥有土地。次年又下令各路、府、州、县官设立勘丈机构。拥有土地的人都要到该机构登记土地的数目,将自己的名字写在一块板上,插在田里。没有登记资料的田没收为公田。
• 限制豢养家奴:当时陈朝的法律规定,宗室和相国有权豢养家奴千人。这些家奴大多都受到了歧视,从事艰苦地劳动。陈朝的法律规定:家奴没有控告主人的权利,奴婢禁止与平民结婚。到了陈朝末年,王侯的家奴脸上刺著「宫中客」三字,皇帝的家奴脸上刻著「座上奴」三字。家奴不堪重负,纷纷揭竿而起,严重威胁到了朝廷的统治。因此胡季牦在1401年修改了相关法律,规定除了极少数高官可以豢养少数家奴之外,禁止其他人豢养家奴。
• 税收制度:陈朝时期的时候,每丁人口不管拥有土地的多少都要缴纳同样重的税收。1402年,胡季牦改革了税收制度,下令减免税收,并且按照百姓拥有土地的多少来缴纳税收。
• 重组地方行政机构:胡季牦在1397年将一些边远地区的路改为镇。例如清化镇改为清都镇、国威镇改为广威镇、沱江路改为天兴镇、演州路改为望江镇等等。同时派遣武官统治这些边远的镇。这在一定程度上加强了对边陲的统治。同时将反对改革的地方官撤换,要求各地必须将辖下记载田地和审理案件的册子定期呈报朝廷。对于从占城夺取的地区,胡季牦鼓励甚至强迫有钱却没有土地的人携家眷前去南方垦荒。但这些人不愿背井离乡前去垦荒,对朝廷十分不满。
• 军事改革:陈朝末年,皇帝贪于酒色,武备废弛。1375年起,胡季牦开始进行一系列军事改革,在宿卫军中增设军队,遴选武术出众的人进入军中。1401年,胡季牦规定只要两岁以上的男丁都必须向官府登记,凡是十五岁到六十岁之间的男丁必须服兵役,逃兵都要处以极刑。同时为了防御来自北方明朝的威胁,胡季牦大量徵调民工修建战船、制造火铳和弹药,并在北方要塞修筑了不少防御工事。百姓不堪重负,因此对朝廷不满。
• 教育和科举考试改革:为了适应日益繁荣的商业,1396年,胡季牦在科举考试中增加了算术考试。胡季牦还去除了科举考试中大量背诵记忆的内容,用讨论政治的策文代替。
• 服饰改革:胡季牦还于1396年模仿中国的官制,对官员的等级进行更为详细的区分,对一至九品官员的官服颜色进行明确的区分,无官衔者则穿白色官服。
由于胡季牦的土地政策和家奴政策触犯了大多数贵族的利益,而科举和教育的改革又触犯了众多读书人的利益,胡季牦的改革遭到陈朝遗老以及儒者的一致抵制,这些人一直试图推翻胡季牦的统治。胡季牦不得不使用高压政策全国搜捕反对者,弄得人心惶惶。如此一来下层民众又享受不到改革的成果。且胡季牦在全国大规模徵兵和建造军事设施又增加了百姓的负担,导致举国上下都对胡氏不满,胡朝统治者陷入了孤立的状态。
内忧外患
就在越南陈朝发生一系列天灾民变和外敌入侵的时候,北方的明朝逐渐崛起,明太祖朱元璋推翻了元朝,平定了各地民变势力,明朝成为了中国新的王朝。最初陈朝与明朝的关系比较和好,但自从杨日礼之乱之后,由于明朝对安南政局的不了解,把陈艺宗误当作了乱臣贼子,此时双方关系开始疏远。而从1377年开始,由于明朝广西思明府土官与安南的边境冲突,更使双方关系恶化。1388年陈废帝(《明史》称之为陈日炜)被胡季牦杀害,胡季牦拥立陈顺宗继位,但仍以陈废帝的名义向明朝进贡。当时明朝并不知道此事,数年后方才知晓,下令广西守臣禁止其入贡。虽然胡季牦在1394年使用外交手段令明朝勉强接受了朝贡,但双方关系依然紧张。思明土官黄广成要求明朝朝廷讨伐安南,但被明廷拒绝了。
1400年,胡季牦篡夺皇位,改国号为大虞。但胡季牦遭到了众多陈朝遗臣的强烈反对,不久不得不传位给了有陈朝皇室血统的次子胡汉苍,自称太上皇。为了得到陈朝遗臣的支持,胡汉苍于1403年在清化创立胡朝太庙时,特意分为东西两部分,东太庙祭祀胡氏祖宗,西太庙祭祀外祖父家的陈明宗和陈艺宗,但收效甚微。同时担忧北方明朝趁机前来进攻,修筑了众多防御工事并大举徵兵、造船、制造枪弹。
1403年明朝发生靖难之变之后,胡汉苍向篡夺皇位的明成祖上表,声称陈朝皇室绝灭,自己以外甥的身份被群臣推戴为皇帝,请求册封。明成祖遣使前往安南调查之后,册封胡汉苍为安南国王。
明朝的进攻、胡朝的灭亡
但是,不少陈朝的遗臣遭到胡季牦的杀害,幸免于难的遗臣逃到了明朝境内请求明廷出兵征讨篡位的胡季牦,恢复陈朝社稷。1404年,有一位名叫陈添平的人也逃入明朝境内,自称是陈朝宗室,请求明朝出兵安南,协助自己恢复陈朝。胡季牦最终被迫将边境有争议的领土交给明朝。
1406年,明成祖派遣都督黄中护送陈添平归国即位。胡季牦得知此事后,派遣胡元澄埋伏于支棱关击败了明军,俘虏了陈添平。经过审讯,得知此人的真实名字叫阮康,乃是陈朝宗室陈元辉的家奴,曾参加民变,失败后逃奔哀牢(寮国),后经哀牢逃入明朝境内。胡季牦下令将其淩迟处死。
陈添平的死引起了明成祖的震怒。同年9月,下令派遣成国公朱能为佩征夷将军之印,西平侯沐晟为左副将、新成侯张辅为右副将,丰城侯李彬为左参将、云阳伯陈旭右参将,领兵八十万征讨安南。胡季牦组织军队抵抗,但将军和大臣们大多对胡氏的统治不满,纷纷投降。多邦城的失陷和咸子关的惨败使胡朝军队完全失去了战斗力,1407年明朝吞并了安南,灭亡了胡朝。胡季牦父子被俘,同众多胡朝的文臣武将一起被押送明朝的首都金陵(今江苏省南京)。
下落之谜
胡季牦被解送金陵后的下场众说纷纭,有被杀和被赦免两种说法:
-胡季牦、胡汉苍以及众多胡朝文臣武将一起被斩首,唯其长子胡元澄因擅于制造神机枪而被明成祖特赦
-胡季牦被明成祖关押入狱,后获特赦,被发配到广西任地方官,其子孙及将士都无罪释放。《孤树褒谈》中曾提到胡季牦死后被葬于金陵,后来其子孙将其墓迁于锺山(今南京紫金山)之傍。但《殊域周咨录》的作者严从简反对这个观点。
文学
文教贡献
胡季牦精通儒学,但他对程朱理学的一些繁文缛节十分反感。1392年,胡季牦编写了《明道书》,该书共十四篇。将周公称为先圣,孔子称为先师,对《论语》中有四处真实性十分可疑,分别是子见南子 、在陈绝粮、公山佛肸召子欲往。同时胡季牦称韩愈为盗儒,并对程朱理学进行抨击,认为他们迂腐,一味地抄袭和剽窃古人的东西。这遭到了当时大多数儒者的非议,但却受到了太上皇陈艺宗的嘉奖。虽然胡季牦的举动受到了后世越南封建学者的猛烈抨击,但现代越南学者认为其有一定进步意义。
胡季牦同时也致力于越南本国文字字喃的推广。字喃虽然在13世纪就已经诞生了,但一直没有被上层社会接受。胡季牦执政之后大力推广字喃,甚至下达诏令都使用字喃。1395年,胡季牦担任陈顺宗的师傅的时候,曾经将《尚书》中的《无逸篇》翻译成字喃,教陈顺宗学习。次年又编写了《国语诗义》并作序,令宫中的女官和后妃学习。由于胡季牦对程朱理学的反感,书中的内容和主张与《朱子集传》有很大不同。
诗文
胡季牦也是越南历史上一位著名的诗人。
1400年胡季牦篡夺了皇位,但由于遭到陈朝遗臣的一致反对,胡季牦不得不决定将皇位传给拥有陈朝皇室血统的次子胡汉苍。但胡季牦担心庶长子胡元澄不满,因此借砚来比喻说:「此一卷奇石,有时为云为雨,以润生民」,并要求元澄对答,以观其志。胡元澄便回对:「这三寸小松,他日作栋作梁,以扶社稷。」胡季牦这便明白到元澄并无不满,于是决定立胡汉苍为太子。胡季牦还十分在意元澄和汉苍的关系,曾写诗告戒他们:
1404年,明朝派遣李锜出使安南。李锜自恃是大国的使臣,傲慢无礼,因此胡季牦作诗:
1405年,胡季牦任命阮彦光为宣抚使兼新宁镇制置使,并作诗赐给他:
评价
• 传统的越史学者认为胡季牦弑君的行为是「大逆不道」,是不守忠义的行为。认为他的死是乱臣贼子的「报应」。传统的越南史书皆不承认胡季牦的正统性,例如《大越史记全书》将胡季牦和胡汉苍在位期间的事迹附在了《陈纪·陈少帝本纪》之后以及《后陈纪·简定帝本纪》的开头。
• 越南历史学家陈仲金认为胡季牦有经世之才,比起陈末诸君,可以算是明君。若非篡夺陈朝皇位,其本人可以流芳百世。可惜后来因为贪心起了篡位之念,导致了人心背叛,明朝才有机会攻取安南。
• 越共学者认为胡季牦是越南历史上的一位伟大的改革家和有才能的政治家,属于封建阶级中的改良派人物,其改革具有进步的意义。但由于遭到封建保守势力的反对,且没有得到平民百姓的支持,最终导致改革失败。
• 中国大陆学者郭振铎、张笑梅认为胡季牦的改革带有积极性的意义,但阶级矛盾使得改革失败。将胡季牦的失败归咎于为阶级矛盾爆发的牺牲者。
家族
• 父:黎国耄(或黎国髦)
• 母:范氏
• 弟:胡季貔(黎季貔)
• 妻:徽宁公主陈氏,陈明宗之女,追封太慈皇后
• 妾:阮氏
• 长子:胡元澄(又名黎元澄、黎澄。阮氏所生,庶长子)
• 次子:胡汉苍(又名黎苍。徽宁公主所生)
• 子:梁王胡潡
• 子:新兴郡王 胡注
• 女:钦圣皇后胡圣偶(原名黎圣偶。徽宁公主所生。嫁陈顺宗,生陈少帝)
• 假子:胡杜(原姓陈,上位侯鑁之子。其母改嫁胡季牦)
Source | Relation | from-date | to-date |
---|---|---|---|
圣元 | ruler | 1400/1/27 - 1401/1/14圣元元年 | 1400/1/27 - 1401/1/14圣元元年 |
Text | Count |
---|---|
明史 | 19 |
大越史记全书 | 140 |
明史纪事本末 | 7 |
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