History

Beginnings and founding

Towards the end of the Han dynasty, Sun Ce, the eldest son of the warlord Sun Jian, and his followers borrowed troops from the warlord Yuan Shu and embarked on a series of military conquests in the Jiangdong and Wu regions between 194 and 199, seizing several territories previously occupied by warlords such as Liu Yao, Yan Baihu and Wang Lang. Sun Ce broke off relations with Yuan Shu around 196-197 after the latter declared himself emperor — an act deemed as treason against Emperor Xian, the figurehead ruler of the Han dynasty. The warlord Cao Cao, who was the de facto head of government in the Han imperial court, asked Emperor Xian to grant Sun Ce the title of "Marquis of Wu".

Sun Ce was assassinated in the summer of 200 and was succeeded by his younger brother, Sun Quan. Sun Quan, like his elder brother, also paid nominal allegiance to Emperor Xian while maintaining autonomous rule over the Wu territories. In 208, Sun Quan allied with the warlord Liu Bei and they combined forces to defeat Cao Cao at the Battle of Red Cliffs. Sun Quan and Liu Bei maintained their alliance against Cao Cao after the battle for the next ten years or so, despite having some territorial disputes over Jing Province. In 219, Sun Quan severed ties with Liu Bei when he sent his general Lü Meng to invade Liu's territories in Jing Province. Guan Yu, who was defending Liu Bei's assets in Jing Province, was captured and executed by Sun Quan's forces. After that, the boundaries of Sun Quan's domain extended from beyond the Jiangdong region to include the southern part of Jing Province, which covered roughly present-day Hunan and parts of Hubei.

In 220, Cao Cao's son and successor, Cao Pi, ended the Han dynasty by forcing Emperor Xian to abdicate in his favour and established the state of Cao Wei. Sun Quan agreed to submit to Wei and was granted the title of a vassal king, "King of Wu", by Cao Pi. A year later, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and founded the state of Shu Han. In 222, Liu Bei launched a military campaign against Sun Quan to take back Jing Province and avenge Guan Yu, leading to the Battle of Xiaoting. However, Liu Bei suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Sun Quan's general Lu Xun and was forced to retreat to Baidicheng, where he died a year later.

Liu Bei's successor, Liu Shan, and his regent, Zhuge Liang, made peace with Sun Quan later and reaffirmed their previous alliance. Sun Quan declared independence from Wei in 222, but continued to rule as "King of Wu" until 229, when he declared himself "Emperor of Wu". His legitimacy was recognised by Shu.

Sun Quans reign

Sun Quan ruled for over 30 years and his long reign resulted in stability in southern China. During his reign, Wu engaged Wei in numerous wars, including the battles of Ruxu (222–223), Shiting (228), and Hefei (234). However, Wu never managed to gain any territory north of the Yangtze River while Wei also never succeeded in conquering the lands south of the Yangtze.

A succession struggle broke out between Sun Quan's sons in the later part of his reign — Sun Quan instated Sun He as the crown prince in 242 after his former heir apparent, Sun Deng, died in 241, but Sun He soon became involved in a rivalry with his younger brother, Sun Ba. The conflict resulted in the emergence of two rivalling factions, each supporting either Sun He or Sun Ba, in Sun Quan's imperial court. Sun Quan eventually deposed Sun He and forced Sun Ba to commit suicide, while Lu Xun and many other ministers who took either Sun He's or Sun Ba's side in the struggle met with unhappy ends. Sun Quan appointed his youngest son, Sun Liang, as the crown prince after the incident.

Reigns of Sun Liang and Sun Xiu

Sun Quan died in 252 and was succeeded by Sun Liang, with Zhuge Ke and Sun Jun serving as regents. In 253, Zhuge Ke was assassinated in a coup launched by Sun Jun, and the state power of Wu fell into Sun Jun's hands and was passed on to his cousin, Sun Chen, after his death. During Sun Liang's reign, two rebellions broke out in the Wei garrison at Shouchun (around present-day Shou County, Anhui) in 255 and 257–258. Sun Jun and Sun Chen led Wu forces to support the rebels in the first and second rebellions respectively in the hope of making some territorial gains in Wei, but both revolts were suppressed and the Wu forces retreated after suffering many losses.

Sun Liang was deposed in 258 by Sun Chen, who installed Sun Xiu, another son of Sun Quan, on the throne. Sun Xiu killed Sun Chen later in a coup with the help of Zhang Bu and Ding Feng.

Fall of Wu

Sun Xiu died of illness in 264, a year after Shu was conquered by Wei. At the time, Wu was experiencing internal turmoil because rebellions had broken out in Jiaozhi in the south. The ministers Puyang Xing, Wan Yu and Zhang Bu decided to install Sun He's son, Sun Hao, on the throne.

In the beginning of Sun Hao's reign, the emperor reduced taxes, gave relief to the poor, and granted freedom to a large number of palace maids. However, Sun Hao gradually became more cruel and superstitious and started indulging in wine and women instead of finding ways to revive his declining state. Sun Hao's tyranny caused widespread anger and hatred towards him in Wu, but it was due to the efforts of officials such as Lu Kai and Lu Kang that Wu was able to remain relatively stable and peaceful.

In February 266, Sima Yan ended the state of Cao Wei by forcing its last ruler, Cao Huan, to abdicate in his favour, and then established the Jin dynasty. In 279, Jin forces led by Du Yu, Wang Jun and others attacked Wu from six directions. Sun Hao attempted to put up resistance by sending his armies to fight the Jin invaders, but the Wu forces suffered several consecutive defeats and even the Wu chancellor, Zhang Ti, was killed in action. Seeing that Wu was doomed to fall, Sun Hao surrendered to the Jin dynasty on 31 May 280, marking the end of Wu and the end of the Three Kingdoms period.

Government and military

Despite Sun Quan proclaiming himself emperor in 229, its politics reflected its warlord origins. When Wu was initially founded its military was dominated by famed generals who had gained their positions through prowess and pluck. These generals were celebrated for their individualism.

Politics within the court were often influenced by conflicts between powerful families and individuals. Positions within the court were inherited from one generation to the next unlike the Han dynasty's bureaucracy. However, over time, the influence ultimately would move away from the central government. Outside of the court, families displayed their own independent authority. Wu, at times, was to a certain extent run for the protection of particular families.

The Eastern Wu era was a formative period in Vietnamese history. The ruler of Jiaozhou (modern Vietnam and Guangzhou), Shi Xie, is primarily remembered today in Vietnam as Sĩ Nhiếp. According to Stephen O'Harrow, Shi Xie was essentially "the first Vietnamese."Originally satisfied with Eastern Wu's rule, the Vietnamese opposed Shi Hui's rebellion against Eastern Wu and attacked him for it. However, when the Wu general Lü Dai betrayed Shi Hui and executed the entire Shi family, the Vietnamese became greatly upset. In 248, the people of Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen commanderies rebelled. Eastern Wu sent Lu Yin to deal with the rebels. He managed to pacify the rebels with a combination of threats and persuasion. However the rebels regrouped under the leadership of Lady Triệu in Jiuzhen and renewed the rebellion with a march on Jiaozhi. According to the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (Complete Annals of Đại Việt), Lady Triệu had long breasts that reached her shoulders and rode into battle on an elephant. After several months of warfare she was defeated and committed suicide.

Culture and economy

The culture of Wu was most solidified under the reign of Sun Quan from 229 to 252. Migrations from the north and the needed settlement from the Shanyue barbarians made it possible for the increase in manpower, agriculture, and settling the lower most parts of Wu. Along with that, river transportation became a huge factor and flourished as the Jiangnan and Zhedong canals were finished with construction. After the Battle of Xiaoting and during the invasions of Wu by Wei in the 220s, Shu was able to reestablish their trade and relationships with Wu. Shu's cotton was a great influx for Wu, and the development of shipbuilding, salt, and metal industries was greatly increased.

The fact of inflation and economic problems still were in existence since the Han dynasty. Sun Quan tried to start a currency of large coins manufactured by copper. He also tried to prohibit private minting. This policy was terminated in 246 due to ineffectiveness.

Eastern Wu was able to make close overseas trade with countries such as Vietnam and Cambodia. Wu also traded with India and the Middle East.

Civil matters

Personages with clerical or scholarly abilities had roles to play within the state, but the policies were more determined by those of military command. Nevertheless, every Wu army was in need of administrative support and, according to Rafe de Crespigny, certain scholars were "recognised as practical counsellors, regardless of their fighting prowess or their ability to command troops in the field."

Under the reign of Sun Quan, he needed a strong role of advisors and secretaries in order to keep his link of power in a maintained level. Sun Quan's prestige in dealing with hostiles and friendly relations called for the establishment of a controlled form of an imperial government for the empire of Wu. Sun Quan also created the opportunity for people residing within Wu to gain prestige and influence throughout the empire and the surrounding establishments with the duty of being an envoy.

Following the death of Cao Pi in 226, Sun Quan strongly promoted his kingdom to focus on agriculture because the threat from Wei was lifted. However, Lu Xun suggested to Sun Quan that military commanders should become involved in the colonization of land. Sun Quan quickly accepted and he, along with his sons would execute the memorial presented by Lu Xun. However, in 240, Sun Quan restrained Lu Xun's idea and refocused on agricultural works, because Wu came to suffer a severe famine. In 234, when Zhuge Ke was in control of affairs in the south, he strongly ignored the colonisation order and viciously ordered the agriculture factor, often starving enemies into submission.

Legacy

Under the rule of Wu, the Yangtze River Delta region, regarded in early history as a barbaric "jungle", developed into one of the commercial, cultural, and political centres of China. The achievements of Wu in the south marked the coming of Chinese civilization to the farthest southern reaches of the empire.

In 230, the island of Taiwan was reached by the Chinese during the Three Kingdoms period under the reign of Sun Quan. Contact with the native population and the dispatch of officials to an island named "Yizhou" by the Wu navy might have been to Taiwan, but the location of Yizhou is open to dispute; some historians believe it was Taiwan, while others believe it was the Ryukyu Islands. Wu merchants also may have reached Southern Vietnam and Cambodia. Failed protection of Gongsun Yuan also was in existence when the latter rebelled against Wei. This was because of the waterway's difficulties. Such things cost Wu, and the achievements supposedly gained within Taiwan did not cover this problem and Sun Quan lost his vassal.

Later on in the existence of Wu, the once great military was turned to an unimpressive one. It was most likely an easy task to take Hefei from Wei, but Wu could not do so. Since the 230s, this task was made harder due to the "New City", a heavily fortified castle built at Hefei by Wei. One of the greatest failures to accomplish something later on in Wu's reign was during 255 and during the last few years of the 250s. When Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin rebelled against Wei, Wu promised to help the two in Shouchun (around present-day Shou County, Anhui). However, the Wu forces never made it in time before the rebellion was quashed by Sima Shi and the Wei forces. When Zhuge Dan launched a massive full-scale rebellion, the Wu forces suffered a great defeat as they lent a great quantity of manpower to Zhuge Dan's cause. Shouchun was quickly regained by Wei under Sima Zhao's command.

During the conquest of Shu by Wei in 263, Wu could not fully lend support to their allies due to a revolt in Vietnam.

The decline of Wu was long in existence since the death of Lu Xun in 245 and the death of Sun Quan in 252. Sun Quan's successors could do little for the empire. Zhuge Ke was assassinated by Sun Jun in 253 after a failed invasion of Hefei following the Wu victory over an invading Wei force at Dongxing. Ding Feng also ended up killing Sun Chen under orders from Sun Xiu. Corruption plagued Wu, which led to an easy conquest of Wu by the Jin dynasty in 280.

List of territories

List of sovereigns

Emperors family tree

Gallery

File:Three Kingdoms Wu - funeral urn.jpg|An Eastern Wu funeral urn, dating from the third century, on display in a museum in Tokyo, Japan.

File:Sun Quan Tang.jpg|A portrait of Sun Quan painted by Yan Liben in the Tang dynasty.

File:Sun Quan and his brother Sun Ce.jpg|Statues of Sun Quan (left) and Sun Ce.

File:SunQuan MeihuaShan.jpg|A statue of Sun Quan at Meihua Hill, Purple Mountain, Nanjing, Jiangsu.

历史

东汉末年，吴郡富春人孙坚任破虏将军受乌程侯、领豫州刺史、长沙太守，曾经参战黄巾之乱、西凉边章之乱、区星之乱。率兵积极参与讨伐董卓期间建立许多战功担任先锋、斩杀华雄、击退吕布、率先进入洛阳、董卓逼迫求和等事迹，后因依附袁术卷入袁术与袁绍的政斗。

191年（初平三年），孙坚应袁术要求征讨袁绍盟友荆州襄阳刘表、黄祖时战死，年仅三十七岁。

孙坚死后，侄孙贲继承领导之位，投靠袁术。后孙坚长子孙策投身于袁术帐下，向袁术借兵马率兵攻占扬州。在袁术自行称帝后，孙策、孙贲等与其决裂，自立门户。孙策先后击败刘繇、许贡、严白虎、王朗等扬州割据势力，奠定孙吴开国基础。曹操控制的许昌朝廷拜其为讨逆将军，袭封乌程侯，又封吴侯。建安五年（200年）夏，孙策被吴郡太守许贡的门客袭击，不久伤重去世，时年二十六岁。

孙策临终前命二弟孙权继位执掌江东。因孙策为汉臣，孙权也并非孙策子，故未得继承汉庭官位和吴侯爵位。孙权继承其兄遗志，在短时间内稳住了江东形势。其后孙权一方面镇压扬州境内的山越反叛，同时三征黄祖，谋求占领荆州和江夏。

建安十三年（208年），荆州牧刘表死。曹操军也在这时南下征荆州。继任荆州牧的刘琮投降曹操。曹操在获得荆州之后，进一步谋划攻打孙权占据的江东。孙权派部下鲁肃到刘备处探索军情，鲁肃得知刘备欲投奔苍悟太守吴巨后，便劝说他改投孙权。于是刘备就派诸葛亮前往东吴会合孙权，在赤壁黄盖火烧敌船大破曹操三十万大军（后世称赤壁之战）。此后曹操退守北方，占据荆州北部的南阳郡、江夏郡局部及南郡局部地区。孙权派周瑜、吕蒙、甘宁、程普、韩当、周泰、蒋钦等将领攻占夷陵、江陵、部分武陵郡，及部分长沙郡即后来的汉昌郡。

这一时期，刘备则去攻打荆州南部的长沙、桂阳、武陵、零陵四郡。周瑜死后，孙权将江陵、临江郡（后来的宜都郡）及其周边的部分武陵郡借给刘备以及确认他分得荆南四郡，督导荆州。同时在建安十五年，孙权取得了交州。在刘备取蜀之后，孙权向刘备索要长沙、零陵、桂阳，但刘备托辞拒绝，孙权遂派吕蒙夺取三郡。最后双方同意恢复盟友关系，以湘江为界，长沙、桂阳、江夏属孙权；零陵、武陵、江陵属刘备。建安二十四年，关羽作出一连串傲慢举动，其势力过大更让孙权感到威胁，因此孙权向朝廷称臣，曹操答应割让汉南的襄阳等地给孙权，孙权派吕蒙趁关羽攻襄阳时夺取江陵、零陵、武陵、宜都等地，是为白衣渡江，并杀死败逃的关羽，至此刘备势力退出荆州，孙权受封为骠骑将军、假节、兼荆州牧、南昌侯。

220年曹操死，势力由其子曹丕继承。因曹丕错判形势命曹仁火烧襄阳而去，襄阳为孙权所得。同年，曹丕篡位建立曹魏，东汉灭亡。曹丕随即以孙权未经自己许可就擅自夺取襄阳为由，派曹仁、徐晃夺回襄阳。次年刘备称帝，建立蜀汉。刘备称帝后，即以复仇之名向孙权发动夷陵之战。孙权先向曹丕称臣，沿用曹魏黄初年号，被封为大将军、吴王、使持节、督交州，兼任荆州牧，都武昌（今鄂州市），以避免两线作战。222年，刘备在猇亭秭归一带被吴镇西将军陆逊击败，几乎全军覆没，刘备不久就驾崩于白帝城。刘备死后，掌权的蜀汉丞相诸葛亮遣邓芝出使吴国，孙权同意吴蜀恢复同盟。

由于孙权拒绝将儿子孙登派去曹魏做人质，于是断绝了与曹魏的短暂同盟，并自立年号黄武脱离与曹魏的臣属关系，导致曹丕先后三次对吴用兵曹丕伐吴，均被打退，占领了东吴数个县城，亦反被东吴收复蕲春。后曹休又在228年在石亭之战对吴用兵，亦遭陆逊、全琮和朱桓等人迎击而败死。黄龙元年（229年，魏太和三年，蜀汉建兴七年）四月丙申，孙权称帝，国号吴，改元黄龙，是为吴大帝。

嘉禾二年（233年），孙权封割据辽东的公孙渊为燕王，派太常张弥、执金吾许晏、将军贺达领兵一万多人并送去金银财宝，加其九锡，欲立渊为燕王，然渊亦恐吴国无法及时支援又觊觎财物，便斩杀使者。同时数次攻打魏国，也削弱魏国兵力收取数城。次年诸葛亮死后，孙权以为曹魏要灭蜀汉，增兵巴丘助蜀汉守御，也准备一旦蜀汉败亡则与曹魏分割蜀汉的地盘，全琮袭击白帝城，未果，但吴蜀同盟没有因此破裂。

嘉禾六年（237年）公孙渊自立燕王，改元绍汉，建立燕国。次年正月向东吴称臣，但随即在八月被魏臣司马懿率兵平定，公孙渊战败身亡，燕国政权覆灭。

赤乌四年（241年），孙权的长子孙登薨逝。次年孙权立最年长的在世皇子即三子孙和为太子，不久又封四子孙霸为鲁王，引发「二宫之争」，又称「南鲁党争」，朝中大臣亦分为两派。最终孙和被废，孙霸被赐死，最后七子孙亮被立为太子，其母潘淑被立为皇后。吴经此事件，非但皇室遭刑，而且举国分歧，埋下内部斗争的祸根。潘皇后意图效仿西汉吕太后临朝称制，结果被自危的宫女们所杀，一说此事亦系大臣背后指使。

252年，执掌江东五十二年的孙权驾崩，享年七十一岁。孙亮即位，改元建兴。由诸葛恪、孙弘、孙峻等辅政。孙弘谋害诸葛恪，诸葛恪在孙峻帮助下杀孙弘。253年，诸葛恪征淮南，惨败。诸葛恪被孙峻所杀，大权落入孙峻之手。孙峻逼死废太子孙和、孙登唯一在世儿子吴侯孙英、孙权幼女孙鲁育等。曹魏将领毌丘俭、文钦在寿春起兵讨伐权臣司马师兵败，寿春大量人口逃往东吴，孙峻趁机出兵淮南，却反被魏将诸葛诞追杀，留赞等阵亡。诸葛恪、孙峻都有进取徐州之意，都未果。

256年孙峻病死后，事付从弟偏将军孙綝。孙綝处决重臣滕胤、吕据等。诸葛诞又在寿春起兵讨伐司马师的弟弟权臣司马昭，请求东吴相助，于是孙綝出兵三万，并封诸葛诞官爵，一部分吴军进入寿春城。但魏将王昶据守夹石，江陵守将施绩和全熙遭其牵制，无法赴援。魏军又焚毁了吴军的粮食。孙綝见作战不利，归咎自家大将朱异并将其处斩，率军返回，诸葛诞也最终败亡。后孙綝又废孙亮为会稽王，改立其兄孙休为帝。不久孙綝三族又为孙休所杀，孙亮亦被孙休逼死。

元兴元年（264年），孙休驾崩。这时蜀汉刚灭亡，吴军西进失利，交趾又叛吴降魏，东吴国内形势不稳，欲立一个较年长的君主。左典军万彧向丞相濮阳兴、左将军张布推荐孙和的长子孙皓即位。孙皓即位之初曾一度施行仁政，下令抚恤国内人民，又开仓振贫、减省后宫宫女、放生宫内多馀珍禽异兽，一时被誉为明君。然而随著时间推移，其残暴一面逐渐开始显露，以致民怨不绝，幸赖陆抗、陆凯等大臣全力支撑国局。

孙皓年间，东吴连年北伐，也取得收复交趾、在西陵之战中击退晋军平定叛将步阐之乱、孙慎掠夺江夏、汝南人口等军事成果，但胜少负多，终无力改变吴弱晋强的局面。

274年，陆抗病死。咸宁五年（280年），晋武帝下令分六路大举伐吴。晋军势如破竹，晋将王浑、杜预、王浚和贾充等人相继击破吴将张悌、沈莹、孙震、张象、伍延、薛莹、胡冲和孙歆等人，夺取西陵、江陵、武昌等重镇，并绕过防御严密的濡须和东关而取道相对薄弱的历阳，吴国的长江防线快速崩溃。晋军水军也从益州顺江而下，东吴建平太守吾彦未能阻止。孙皓安排驻守交、广二州的军队也因路途遥远及遭遇郭马之乱而未能参战。

此战中晋将杜预率领十万大军继续前次伐吴的攻势，孙皓紧急下令张悌率领七八千人抵御，杜预击溃了张悌大军，直逼建业。孙皓手下已无人为他卖命，自知大势已去。便等西晋大军攻来时，在石头城上宣布投降。至此，东吴灭亡，三国归西晋。吾彦及交州刺史陶璜、广州刺史滕修等得知东吴已经灭亡，也向西晋投降。

吴国灭亡时，领州四、郡四十三、县三百一十三、户五十二万三千、吏三万二千、兵二十三万、男女口二百三十万、米谷二百八十万斛，舟船五千馀艘，后宫五千馀人。

疆域和行政区划

政治

东吴在政治上大体跟东汉相近，地方上仍实行州郡制，中央方面也是同样。唯一不同者，则是东吴受江南本地豪族影响，单是在朝朝臣，就有不少顾姓人士（如顾雍）、朱姓人士（如朱桓，朱然为丹扬郡人）、陆姓人士（如陆逊）和张姓人士（如张温），就是后世所称吴四姓，这些士族都是汉朝时长居江南的望族。

东吴灭亡后，史学家张勃作《吴录》，以天命符瑞、谶纬等称东吴为正统，但未能与曹魏、蜀汉正统观抗衡。

封爵的大臣

受封者：112位

皇族：52位

• 储君

　• 孙登：太子－220年，孙权长子

　• 孙和：太子－241年、南阳王－252年，孙权三子

　• 孙亮：太子－250年、会稽王－258年，孙权七子

　• 孙𩅦：太子－262年、豫章王－264年，孙休长子

　• 孙瑾：太子－264年，孙皓长子

• 郡王

　• 孙权

　　• 孙霸：鲁王－241年，四子

　　• 孙奋：齐王－252年、章安侯－258年，五子

　　• 孙休：琅琊王－253年，六子

　• 孙休

　　• 孙𩃙：汝南王－264年，次子。

　　• 孙壾：梁王－264年，三子

　　• 孙𠅨：陈王－264年，四子

　• 孙皓

　　• 孙虔: 淮阳王－264年、鲁王－273年，次子

　　• 东平王－269年、齐王－273年，三子

　　• 陈留王-273年

　　• 章陵王-273年

　　• 成纪王-278年

　　• 宣威王-278年

　　• 中山王-280年

　　• 代王-280年

其馀孙皓十一位儿子名与封号均不详

• 县侯

　• 孙策

　　• 孙绍：吴侯－229年，上虞侯

　　　• 孙奉：上虞侯

　• 孙权

　　• 孙虑：建昌侯－228年，二子

　　　• 孙英：吴侯，孙登次子

　　　• 孙皓：乌程侯，孙和长子

　　　• 孙德：钱唐侯，孙和二子

　　　• 孙谦：永安侯，孙和三子

　　　• 孙基：吴侯，孙霸二子

　　　• 孙壹：宛陵侯，孙霸三子

　• 孙静

　　• 孙奂：沙羡侯－226年，孙静四子

　　　• 孙承：沙羡侯，孙静之孙

　　　• 孙胤：丹阳侯，孙静之孙

　　　• 孙晞，丹阳侯，孙静之孙

　　　　• 孙峻：富春侯－253年，孙静曾孙

　　　　• 孙綝：永宁侯，孙静曾孙

　　　　• 孙恩：县侯，孙静曾孙

　　　　• 孙据：县侯，孙静曾孙

　　　　• 孙干：亭侯，孙静曾孙

　　　　• 孙闓：亭侯，孙静曾孙

　• 孙坚族孙

　　• 孙桓：丹徒侯，孙河三子

　　• 孙韶：建德侯，孙河侄子

　　　• 孙楷：临成侯，孙韶长子

　　　• 孙越：建德侯，孙韶次子

• 乡侯

　• 孙松：都乡侯，孙翊子

　• 孙邻：都乡侯-214年，孙贲长子

　　• 孙苗：都乡侯，孙邻长子

• 亭侯

　• 孙贲：都亭侯，孙羌长子

大臣：62位

• 县侯（一等侯爵）

　• 徐琨：广德侯－200年代

　　• 徐矫：广德侯

　　• 徐祚：广德侯、徐矫之弟

　• 步骘：广信侯－211年、临湘侯－229年

　　• 步协：临湘侯－247年

　　　• 步玑：临湘侯

　• 贺齐：山阴侯－216年

　• 潘璋：溧阳侯－219年

　• 陆逊：华亭侯－219年、娄侯－220年、江陵侯－222年

　　• 陆抗：江陵侯－245年

　　　• 陆晏：江陵侯－274年

　• 吕蒙：孱陵侯－220年

　　• 吕霸：孱陵侯－220年

　　• 吕琮：孱陵侯，吕霸之兄

　　• 吕睦：孱陵侯，吕霸之弟

　• 诸葛瑾：宣城侯－220年、宛陵侯－222年

　　• 诸葛融：宛陵侯－241年

　• 周泰：陵阳侯－220年

　　• 周邵：陵阳侯

　　• 周承：陵阳侯，周邵之弟

　• 朱然：西安乡侯－220年、永安侯－222年、当阳侯－223年

　　• 施绩：当阳侯－249年

　• 吕岱：都乡侯－220年、番禺侯－226年

　　• 吕凯：番禺侯－256年

　• 全琮：阳华亭侯－220年、钱塘侯－222年前

　　• 全怿：钱塘侯

　• 张昭：由拳侯－221年、娄侯－229年

　　• 张休：娄侯－236年

　• 吕范：宛陵侯－221年、南昌侯－228年前

　　• 吕据：南昌侯－228年

　• 滕胤：都亭侯－221年、高密侯－256年前

　　• 滕牧：高密侯－264年，滕胤族弟

　• 朱桓：新城亭侯、嘉兴侯－222年

　　• 朱异：嘉兴侯－238年

　• 朱治：毗陵侯－222年

　　• 朱才：毗陵侯－224年

　　　• 朱琬：毗陵侯

　• 孙邵：阳羡侯－222年

　• 韩当：都亭侯－222年、石城侯－223年

　　• 韩综：石城侯－226年

　• 蒋壹：宣城侯－222年

　• 徐盛：芜湖侯－224年前

　　• 徐楷：芜湖侯－224年

　• 顾雍：醴陵侯－226年

　　• 顾济：醴陵侯－243年

　　• 顾裕：醴陵侯、顾济之兄

　• 芮玄：溧阳侯－226年前

　• 潘浚：刘阳侯－229年前

　　• 潘翥：刘阳侯－239年

　• 朱据：云阳侯－229年

　　• 朱宣：云阳侯，朱据之孙

　• 诸葛恪：都乡侯－234年、阳都侯－252年

　• 丁奉：都亭侯－252年、都乡侯－252年、安丰侯－255年

　• 全尚：都亭侯－252年、永平侯－253年

　• 文钦：谯侯－255年

　• 陆凯：都乡侯－255年、嘉兴侯－264年

　• 濮阳兴：外黄侯－256年

　• 何洪：永平侯－264年

　　• 何邈：永平侯

　• 何蒋：溧阳侯－264年

　• 何植：宣城侯－264年

　• 陆景：毗陵侯－264年后

　• 张悌：山都侯－279年

　• 虞汜：馀姚侯

　• 诸葛诞：寿春侯

• 乡侯（二等侯爵）

　• 沈珩：永安乡侯

　• 周胤：都乡侯－229年

　• 是仪：都亭侯、都乡侯－229年

　• 陈表：都乡侯－236年

　• 钟离牧：都乡侯－236年

　• 张承：都乡侯

　　• 张震：都乡侯－245年

　• 全吴：都乡侯

• 亭侯（三等侯爵）

　• 步阐：西亭侯－247年

　• 韦昭：高陵亭侯－264年

　• 华核：徐陵亭侯－264年

　• 骆统：新阳亭侯

　• 谷利：都亭侯—215年

　• 陈修：都亭侯－220年

　• 陆胤：都亭侯－258年

　　• 陆式：都亭侯

　• 鲁淑：都亭侯

　　• 鲁睦：都亭侯

　• 程咨：亭侯－229年

　• 全绪：亭侯－253年

　• 文雍：亭侯－256年

　• 凌封：亭侯

　　• 凌烈：亭侯，凌封之弟

　• 干统：都亭侯

• 关内侯

　• 黄柄：关内侯－229年

　• 周鲂：关内侯

• 列侯

　• 诸葛直:亶洲将军—231年

　• 陈永：侯

　• 王氏三人：列侯，王夫人之弟

获諡的大臣

宰辅名列

;首辅

• 孙邵（王相）

• 顾雍（丞相）

• 陆逊（丞相）

• 步骘（丞相）

• 朱据（丞相）

• 诸葛恪（太傅兼领大将军）

• 孙峻（丞相兼领大将军）

• 孙綝（丞相兼领大将军）

• 濮阳兴（丞相）

• 陆凯（左丞相）、万彧（右丞相）

• 张悌（丞相）

;大司马

• 吕范

• 朱然、全琮（分领左右大司马）

• 吕岱

• 滕胤

• 施绩、丁奉（分领左右大司马）

• 范慎（太尉）

• 陆抗

• 诸葛靓（《晋书》记载）

军事

吴军以舟师为主，步兵次之。孙吴水军发达，在濡须口和西陵设有水军基地，在侯官（今福建闽侯）设有造船厂。其所造名为「长安」的战船，可载士兵千馀人。其精锐军队有车下虎士、丹阳青巾军与交州义士等。孙吴还有设有山越兵、蛮兵、夷兵等少数民族部队。由于比较特殊的社会政治环境，孙吴除了有世兵制外，还有世袭领兵制。各将领所领军队算是其部曲，军队除了服从中央指挥参与战役，但还要为其将领提供其它耕种杂役等。在将领死后军队须继续听令将领之子或其弟等继承者。

经济

由于吴据处江南，而这一带在三国时还是人烟不稠密之地，孙权一登位后就设置农官，实行屯田。由于地处海边，吴国在造船和盐业都相当发达，甚至远超曹魏，同时海上贸易亦有所兴起。单是所生产的船只，高度已达五层，动辄可载数千人。

孙吴所处的江南，社会经济起步较晚，在三国时还是人口稀薄之地。然而由于这里战乱较少，使得北方人民大量迁居，带来先进生产技术和劳动力。孙权登位后设置农官，实行屯田制，江南地区的农业生产和社会经济得到发展。纺织业方面，江南以产麻布出名，豫章郡（治所在今江西省南昌市）的鸡鸣布名传千里。三吴出产「八蚕之绵」，诸暨、永安一带所产丝的质量很高。冶铸业以武昌（今湖北省鄂州市）为最发达，孙权曾在此地开采铜矿，打造兵器。孙吴在海盐（今浙江嘉兴海盐）、沙中（今江苏苏州常熟）设官员，来管理这两地的盐业生产；在建安郡（治所在今福建省福州市）设典船校尉，海船南抵南海、北达辽东。海上贸易亦有所兴起，孙吴的商业都市以建业（今江苏省南京市）、吴郡（今江苏省苏州市）、番禺（今广东省广州市）为主，其中番禺以国外贸易为主。

人口

孙权在早期即击败江夏太守黄祖，虏掠男女数万口。他建国后为了提升人口数，平定山越并以其「羸者充户，强者补兵」，并且骚扰淮南来获得人口。

依据三国志吴书有传，孙吴于222年改元黄武年间时，人口大概约二百八十馀万，士兵二十四万人；在吴国强盛时期(252年)人口将近三百万，士兵约三十六万。

文化

文学

孙吴作家有张紘、薛综、华核、韦昭等。张紘为孙权长史，与建安七子中的孔融、陈琳等友善。薛综为江东名儒，居孙权太子师傅之位。华核则是孙吴末年作家。

韦昭善写史，著有吴鼓吹曲十二曲，内容为整部孙吴发展史，与缪袭的魏鼓吹曲十二曲南北相对。他又著有《吴书》55卷等。

近年长沙也出土一批以纪录东吴史料为主的《三国吴简》，对于深入研究东吴的土地制度、赋税制度、司法制度及有关的典章制度，具有非常重要的价值。

宗教

三国时期的佛教重镇，北方以洛阳为主，南方则为建业。孙吴方面，当支谦、康僧会先后入吴，受孙权推崇并支持发展。孙皓称帝时，本要毁坏佛寺，因康僧会说法感化，终而放弃。在蜀汉，佛教不是很兴盛，规模不大。

艺术

孙吴有很多擅长各种艺术的名士，时人称为吴国八绝。有吴范、刘敦、赵达、严武、皇象、曹不兴、宋寿和郑妪等人。例如严武擅下围棋，同辈中无人能胜，有「棋圣」之称。至于曹不兴则擅绘画、皇象则擅书法。

孙吴曹不兴，擅长写生与绘佛画，被誉为「佛画之祖」，作品有《维摩诘图》、《释迦牟尼说法图》等等。他曾把五十尺绢连在一起，画一人像，心明手快，运笔而成。其作品富有立体感，世人有「曹衣出水」之称，号「曹家样」。孙吴吴王赵夫人，吴丞相赵达之妹，善于书法山水绘画，时人誉为「针绝」。她为孙权绘各国山川地形图，实开山水画之首。

孙吴的著名碑刻有《天发神谶碑》、《禅国山碑》、《谷朗碑》等。其中《天发神谶碑》以圆驭方，势险局宽，气势雄伟奇恣。皇象擅小篆、隶书，尤精章草。流传作品有《急就章》、《文武将队帖》及《天发神谶碑》等。

科技

孙吴位于江南地区，水路发达，造船技术发达。其战船有的上下五层，有的还能容纳士兵三千人。

外族

在岭南地区有俚人，范围涵盖孙吴广州、交州及蜀汉益州南部。孙权也展开海上的发展，他派卫温、诸葛直泛海到夷洲（一说为台湾，一说为琉球）、亶洲补充人口，另派使臣到辽东、朝鲜半岛、林邑（今越南南部）、扶南（今柬埔寨）和南洋群岛等地沟通联系，这些都扩大孙吴在海外的影响力。大秦商人和林邑使臣也曾到达吴都建业。

君主列表

;脚注

世系图

注释