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《道德经 - Dao De Jing》

[Warring States (475 BC - 221 BC)] English translation: James Legge [?]
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[Also known as: 《老子》, "Tao Te Ching", "Laozi"]

1 道德经:
道可道,非常道。名可名,非常名。无名天地之始;有名万物之母。故常无欲,以观其妙;常有欲,以观其徼。此两者,同出而异名,同谓之玄。玄之又玄,衆妙之门。
Dao De Jing:
(Embodying the Dao)
The Dao that can be trodden is not the enduring and unchanging Dao. The name that can be named is not the enduring and unchanging name. (Conceived of as) having no name, it is the Originator of heaven and earth; (conceived of as) having a name, it is the Mother of all things.
Always without desire we must be found,
If its deep mystery we would sound;
But if desire always within us be,
Its outer fringe is all that we shall see.
Under these two aspects, it is really the same; but as development takes place, it receives the different names. Together we call them the Mystery. Where the Mystery is the deepest is the gate of all that is subtle and wonderful.

韩非子·解老#25
凡理者,方圆、短长、粗靡、坚脆之分也。故理定而后可得道也。故定理有存亡,有死生,有盛衰。夫物之一存一亡,乍死乍生,初盛而后衰者,不可谓常。唯夫与天地之剖判也具生,至天地之消散也不死不衰者谓常。而常者,无攸易,无定理,无定理非在于常所,是以不可道也。圣人观其玄虚,用其周行,强字之曰道,然而可论,故曰:“道之可道,非常道也。”

12 道德经:
五色令人目盲;五音令人耳聋;五味令人口爽;驰骋田猎,令人心发狂;难得之货,令人行妨。是以圣人为腹不为目,故去彼取此。
Dao De Jing:
(The repression of the desires)
Colour's five hues from the eyes their sight will take;
Music's five notes the ears as deaf can make;
The flavours five deprive the mouth of taste;
The chariot course, and the wild hunting waste
Make mad the mind; and objects rare and strange,
Sought for, men's conduct will to evil change.
Therefore the sage seeks to satisfy (the craving of) the belly, and not the (insatiable longing of the) eyes. He puts from him the latter, and prefers to seek the former.

韩非子·解老#8
所谓大丈夫者,谓其智之大也。所谓处其厚不处其薄者,行情实而去礼貌也。所谓处其实不处其华者,必缘理不径绝也。所谓去彼取此者,去貌径绝而取缘理好情实也。故曰:“去彼取此。

14 道德经:
视之不见,名曰夷;听之不闻,名曰希;搏之不得,名曰微。此三者不可致诘,故混而为一。其上不皦,其下不昧。绳绳不可名,复归于无物。是谓无状之状,无物之象,是谓惚恍。迎之不见其首,随之不见其后。执古之道,以御今之有。能知古始,是谓道纪。
Dao De Jing:
(The manifestation of the mystery)
We look at it, and we do not see it, and we name it 'the Equable.' We listen to it, and we do not hear it, and we name it 'the Inaudible.' We try to grasp it, and do not get hold of it, and we name it 'the Subtle.' With these three qualities, it cannot be made the subject of description; and hence we blend them together and obtain The One. Its upper part is not bright, and its lower part is not obscure. Ceaseless in its action, it yet cannot be named, and then it again returns and becomes nothing. This is called the Form of the Formless, and the Semblance of the Invisible; this is called the Fleeting and Indeterminable. We meet it and do not see its Front; we follow it, and do not see its Back. When we can lay hold of the Dao of old to direct the things of the present day, and are able to know it as it was of old in the beginning, this is called (unwinding) the clue of Dao.

韩非子·解老#24
人希见生象也,而得死象之骨,案其图以想其生也,故诸人之所以意想者皆谓之象也。今道虽不可得闻见,圣人执其见功以处见其形,故曰:“无状之状,无物之象。

23 道德经:
希言自然,故飘风不终朝,骤雨不终日。孰为此者?天地。天地尚不能久,而况于人乎?故从事于道者,道者,同于道;德者,同于德;失者,同于失。同于道者,道亦乐得之;同于德者,德亦乐得之;同于失者,失亦乐得之。信不足,焉有不信焉。
Dao De Jing:
(Absolute vacancy)
Abstaining from speech marks him who is obeying the spontaneity of his nature. A violent wind does not last for a whole morning; a sudden rain does not last for the whole day. To whom is it that these (two) things are owing? To Heaven and Earth. If Heaven and Earth cannot make such (spasmodic) actings last long, how much less can man!
Therefore when one is making the Dao his business, those who are also pursuing it, agree with him in it, and those who are making the manifestation of its course their object agree with him in that; while even those who are failing in both these things agree with him where they fail.
Hence, those with whom he agrees as to the Dao have the happiness of attaining to it; those with whom he agrees as to its manifestation have the happiness of attaining to it; and those with whom he agrees in their failure have also the happiness of attaining (to the Dao). (But) when there is not faith sufficient (on his part), a want of faith (in him) ensues (on the part of the others).

韩非子·解老#28
周公曰:“冬日之闭冻也不固,则春夏之长草木也不茂。”天地不能常侈常费,而况于人乎?故万物必有盛衰,万事必有弛张,国家必有文武,官治必有赏罚。是以智士俭用其财则家富,圣人爱宝其神则精盛,人君重战其卒则民众。民众则国广,是以举之曰:“俭故能广。”

37 道德经:
道常无为而无不为。侯王若能守之,万物将自化。化而欲作,吾将镇之以无名之朴。无名之朴,夫亦将无欲。不欲以静,天下将自定。
Dao De Jing:
(The exercise of government)
The Dao in its regular course does nothing (for the sake of doing it), and so there is nothing which it does not do.
If princes and kings were able to maintain it, all things would of themselves be transformed by them.
If this transformation became to me an object of desire, I would express the desire by the nameless simplicity.

Simplicity without a name
Is free from all external aim.
With no desire, at rest and still,
All things go right as of their will.

韩非子·解老#2
所以贵无为无思为虚者,谓其意无所制也。夫无术者,故以无为无思为虚也。夫故以无为无思为虚者,其意常不忘虚,是制于为虚也。虚者,谓其意无所制也。今制于为虚,是不虚也。虚者之无为也,不以无为为有常,不以无为为有常则虚,虚则德盛,德盛之谓上德,故曰:“上德无为而无不为也。

38 道德经:
上德不德,是以有德;下德不失德,是以无德。上德无为而无以为;下德为之而有以为。上仁为之而无以为;上义为之而有以为。上礼为之而莫之应,则攘臂而扔之。故失道而后德,失德而后仁,失仁而后义,失义而后礼。夫礼者,忠信之薄,而乱之首。前识者,道之华,而愚之始。是以大丈夫处其厚,不居其薄;处其实,不居其华。故去彼取此。
Dao De Jing:
(About the attributes of the Dao)
(Those who) possessed in highest degree the attributes (of the Dao) did not (seek) to show them, and therefore they possessed them (in fullest measure). (Those who) possessed in a lower degree those attributes (sought how) not to lose them, and therefore they did not possess them (in fullest measure).
(Those who) possessed in the highest degree those attributes did nothing (with a purpose), and had no need to do anything. (Those who) possessed them in a lower degree were (always) doing, and had need to be so doing.
(Those who) possessed the highest benevolence were (always seeking) to carry it out, and had no need to be doing so. (Those who) possessed the highest righteousness were (always seeking) to carry it out, and had need to be so doing.
(Those who) possessed the highest (sense of) propriety were (always seeking) to show it, and when men did not respond to it, they bared the arm and marched up to them.
Thus it was that when the Dao was lost, its attributes appeared; when its attributes were lost, benevolence appeared; when benevolence was lost, righteousness appeared; and when righteousness was lost, the proprieties appeared.
Now propriety is the attenuated form of leal-heartedness and good faith, and is also the commencement of disorder; swift apprehension is (only) a flower of the Dao, and is the beginning of stupidity.
Thus it is that the Great man abides by what is solid, and eschews what is flimsy; dwells with the fruit and not with the flower. It is thus that he puts away the one and makes choice of the other.

韩非子·解老#1
德者,内也。得者,外也。上德不德,言其神不淫于外也。神不淫于外则身全,身全之谓德。德者,得身也。凡德者,以无为集,以无欲成,以不思安,以不用固。为之欲之,则德无舍,德无舍则不全。用之思之则不固,不固则无功,无功则生于德。德则无德,不德则在有德。故曰:“上德不德,是以有德。
韩非子·解老#2
所以贵无为无思为虚者,谓其意无所制也。夫无术者,故以无为无思为虚也。夫故以无为无思为虚者,其意常不忘虚,是制于为虚也。虚者,谓其意无所制也。今制于为虚,是不虚也。虚者之无为也,不以无为为有常,不以无为为有常则虚,虚则德盛,德盛之谓上德,故曰:“上德无为而无不为也。
韩非子·解老#3
仁者,谓其中心欣然爱人也。其喜人之有福,而恶人之有祸也。生心之所不能已也,非求其报也。故曰:“上仁为之而无以为也。”
韩非子·解老#4
义者,君臣上下之事,父子贵贱之差也,知交朋友之接也,亲疏内外之分也。臣事君宜,下怀上宜,子事父宜,贱敬贵宜,知交友朋之相助也宜,亲者内而疏者外宜。义者,谓其宜也,宜而为之,故曰:“上义为之而有以为也。”
韩非子·解老#5
礼者,所以貌情也,群义之文章也,君臣父子之交也,贵贱贤不肖之所以别也。中心怀而不谕,故疾趋卑拜而明之。实心爱而不知,故好言繁辞以信之。礼者,外节之所以谕内也。故曰:“礼以貌情也。”凡人之为外物动也,不知其为身之礼也。众人之为礼也,以尊他人也,故时劝时衰。君子之为礼,以为其身,以为其身,故神之为上礼,上礼神而众人贰,故不能相应,不能相应,故曰:“上礼为之而莫之应。”众人虽贰,圣人之复恭敬尽手足之礼也不衰,故曰:“攘臂而仍之。”道有积而德有功,德者道之功。功有实而实有光,仁者德之光。光有泽而泽有事,义者仁之事也。事有礼而礼有文,礼者义之文也。故曰:“失道而后失德,失德而后失仁,失仁而后失义,失义而后失礼。”
韩非子·解老#6
礼为情貌者也,文为质饰者也。夫君子取情而去貌,好质而恶饰。夫恃貌而论情者,其情恶也;须饰而论质者,其质衰也。何以论之?和氏之璧,不饰以五采,隋侯之珠,不饰以银黄,其质至美,物不足以饰之。夫物之待饰而后行者,其质不美也。是以父子之间,其礼朴而不明,故曰:“礼薄也。”凡物不并盛,阴阳是也。理相夺予,威德是也。实厚者貌薄,父子之礼是也。由是观之,礼繁者实心衰也。然则为礼者,事通人之朴心者也。众人之为礼也,人应则轻欢,不应则责怨。今为礼者事通人之朴心,而资之以相责之分,能毋争乎?有争则乱,故曰:“礼者,忠信之薄也,而乱之首乎。
韩非子·解老#7
先物行先理动之谓前识,前识者,无缘而忘意度也。何以论之?詹何坐,弟子侍,有牛鸣于门外,弟子曰:“是黑牛也而白题。”詹何曰:“然,是黑牛也,而白在其角。”使人视之,果黑牛而以布裹其角。以詹子之术,婴众人之心,华焉殆矣,故曰“道之华也”。尝试释詹子之察,而使五尺之愚童子视之,亦知其黑牛而以布裹其角也。故以詹子之察,苦心伤神,而后与五尺之愚童子同功,是以曰“愚之首也”。故曰:“前识者道之华也,而愚之首也。
韩非子·解老#8
所谓大丈夫者,谓其智之大也。所谓处其厚不处其薄者,行情实而去礼貌也。所谓处其实不处其华者,必缘理不径绝也。所谓去彼取此者,去貌径绝而取缘理好情实也。故曰:“去彼取此。

46 道德经:
天下有道,却走马以粪。天下无道,戎马生于郊。祸莫大于不知足;咎莫大于欲得。故知足之足,常足矣。
Dao De Jing:
(The moderating of desire or ambition)
When the Dao prevails in the world, they send back their swift horses to (draw) the dung- carts. When the Dao is disregarded in the world, the war-horses breed in the border lands.
There is no guilt greater than to sanction ambition; no calamity greater than to be discontented with one's lot; no fault greater than the wish to be getting. Therefore the sufficiency of contentment is an enduring and unchanging sufficiency.

韩非子·解老#20
有道之君,外无怨雠于邻敌,而内有德泽于人民。夫外无怨雠于邻敌者,其遇诸侯也外有礼义。内有德泽于人民者,其治人事也务本。遇诸侯有礼义则役希起,治民事务本则淫奢止。凡马之所以大用者,外供甲兵,而内给淫奢也。今有道之君,外希用甲兵,而内禁淫奢。上不事马于战斗逐北,而民不以马远淫通物,所积力唯田畴,积力于田畴必且粪灌,故曰:“天下有道,却走马以粪也。
韩非子·解老#21
人君者无道,则内暴虐其民,而外侵欺其邻国。内暴虐则民产绝,外侵欺则兵数起。民产绝则畜生少,兵数起则士卒尽。畜生少则戎马乏,士卒尽则军危殆。戎马乏则将马出,军危殆则近臣役。马者,军之大用;郊者,言其近也。今所以给军之具于将马近臣,故曰:“天下无道,戎马生于郊矣。
韩非子·解老#22
人有欲则计会乱,计会乱而有欲甚,有欲甚则邪心胜,邪心胜则事经绝,事经绝则祸难生。由是观之,祸难生于邪心,邪心诱于可欲。可欲之类,进则教良民为奸,退则令善人有祸。奸起则上侵弱君,祸至则民人多伤。然则可欲之类,上侵弱君而下伤人民。夫上侵弱君而下伤人民者,大罪也。故曰:“祸莫大于可欲。”是以圣人不引五色,不淫于声乐,明君贱玩好而去淫丽。人无毛羽,不衣则不犯寒。上不属天,而下不著地,以肠胃为根本,不食则不能活。是以不免于欲利之心,欲利之心不除,其身之忧也。故圣人衣足以犯寒,食足以充虚,则不忧矣。众人则不然,大为诸侯,小馀千金之资,其欲得之忧不除也,胥靡有免,死罪时活,今不知足者之忧,终身不解,故曰:“祸莫大于不知足。”故欲利甚于忧,忧则疾生,疾生而智慧衰,智慧衰则失度量,失度量则妄举动,妄举动则祸害至,祸害至而疾婴内,疾婴内则痛祸薄外,痛祸薄外则苦痛杂于肠胃之间,苦痛杂于肠胃之间则伤人也憯,憯则退而自咎,退而自咎也生于欲利,故曰:“咎莫憯于欲利。”

48 道德经:
为学日益,为道日损。损之又损,以至于无为。无为而无不为。取天下常以无事,及其有事,不足以取天下。
Dao De Jing:
(Forgetting knowledge)
He who devotes himself to learning (seeks) from day to day to increase (his knowledge); he who devotes himself to the Dao (seeks) from day to day to diminish (his doing).
He diminishes it and again diminishes it, till he arrives at doing nothing (on purpose). Having arrived at this point of non-action, there is nothing which he does not do.
He who gets as his own all under heaven does so by giving himself no trouble (with that end). If one take trouble (with that end), he is not equal to getting as his own all under heaven.

韩非子·解老#2
所以贵无为无思为虚者,谓其意无所制也。夫无术者,故以无为无思为虚也。夫故以无为无思为虚者,其意常不忘虚,是制于为虚也。虚者,谓其意无所制也。今制于为虚,是不虚也。虚者之无为也,不以无为为有常,不以无为为有常则虚,虚则德盛,德盛之谓上德,故曰:“上德无为而无不为也。

50 道德经:
出生入死。生之徒,十有三;死之徒,十有三;人之生,动之死地,十有三。夫何故?以其生,生之厚。盖闻善摄生者,陆行不遇兕虎,入军不被甲兵;兕无所投其角,虎无所措其爪,兵无所容其刃。夫何故?以其无死地。
Dao De Jing:
(The value set on life)
Men come forth and live; they enter (again) and die.
Of every ten three are ministers of life (to themselves); and three are ministers of death.
There are also three in every ten whose aim is to live, but whose movements tend to the land (or place) of death. And for what reason? Because of their excessive endeavours to perpetuate life.
But I have heard that he who is skilful in managing the life entrusted to him for a time travels on the land without having to shun rhinoceros or tiger, and enters a host without having to avoid buff coat or sharp weapon. The rhinoceros finds no place in him into which to thrust its horn, nor the tiger a place in which to fix its claws, nor the weapon a place to admit its point. And for what reason? Because there is in him no place of death.

韩非子·解老#26
人始于生而卒于死。始之谓出,卒之谓入,故曰:“出生入死。”人之身三百六十节,四肢,九窍,其大具也。四肢与九窍十有三者,十有三者之动静尽属于生焉。属之谓徒也,故曰:“生之徒也十有三者。”至死也十有三具者皆还而属之于死,死之徒亦有十三,故曰:“生之徒,十有三;死之徒,十有三。”凡民之生生而生者固动,动尽则损也,而动不止,是损而不止也,损而不止则生尽,生尽之谓死,则十有三具者皆为死死地也。故曰:“民之生,生而动,动皆之死地,之十有三。”是以圣人爱精神而贵处静,此甚大于兕虎之害。夫兕虎有域,动静有时,避其域,省其时,则免其兕虎之害矣。民独知兕虎之有爪角也,而莫知万物之尽有爪角也,不免于万物之害。何以论之?时雨降集,旷野闲静,而以昏晨犯山川,则风露之爪角害之。事上不忠,轻犯禁令,则刑法之爪角害之。处乡不节,憎爱无度,则争斗之爪角害之。嗜欲无限,动静不节,则痤疽之爪角害之。好用其私智而弃道理,则网罗之爪角害之。兕虎有域,而万害有原,避其域,塞其原,则免于诸害矣。凡兵革者,所以备害也。重生者虽入军无忿争之心,无忿争之心则无所用救害之备。此非独谓野处之军也,圣人之游世也无害人之心,无害人之心则必无人害,无人害则不备人,故曰:“陆行不遇兕虎。”入山不恃备以救害,故曰:“入军不备甲兵。”远诸害,故曰:“兕无所投其角,虎无所错其爪,兵无所容其刃。”不设备而必无害,天地之道理也。体天地之道,故曰:“无死地焉。”动无死地,而谓之“善摄生”矣。

53 道德经:
使我介然有知,行于大道,唯施是畏。大道甚夷,而民好径。朝甚除,田甚芜,仓甚虚;服文彩,带利剑,厌饮食,财货有馀;是谓盗夸。非道也哉!
Dao De Jing:
(Increase of evidence)
If I were suddenly to become known, and (put into a position to) conduct (a government) according to the Great Dao, what I should be most afraid of would be a boastful display.
The great Dao (or way) is very level and easy; but people love the by-ways.
Their court(-yards and buildings) shall be well kept, but their fields shall be ill-cultivated, and their granaries very empty. They shall wear elegant and ornamented robes, carry a sharp sword at their girdle, pamper themselves in eating and drinking, and have a superabundance of property and wealth; - such (princes) may be called robbers and boasters. This is contrary to the Dao surely!

韩非子·解老#31
书之所谓大道也者,端道也。所谓貌施也者,邪道也。所谓径大也者,佳丽也。佳丽也者,邪道之分也。朝甚除也者,狱讼繁也。狱讼繁则田荒,田荒则府仓虚,府仓虚则国贫,国贫而民俗淫侈,民俗淫侈则衣食之业绝,衣食之业绝则民不得无饰巧诈,饰巧诈则知采文,知采文之谓服文采。狱讼繁、仓廪虚、而有以淫侈为俗,则国之伤也若以利剑刺之。故曰:“带利剑。”诸夫饰智故以至于伤国者,其私家必富,私家必富,故曰:“资货有馀。”国有若是者,则愚民不得无术而效之,效之则小盗生。由是观之,大奸作则小盗随,大奸唱则小盗和。竽也者,五声之长者也,故竽先则锺瑟皆随,竽唱则诸乐皆和。今大奸作则俗之民唱,俗之民唱则小盗必和,服文采,带利剑,厌饮食,而货资有馀者,是之谓盗竽矣。

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