| Chinese Text Project | |
| Simplified Chinese version |
| 社 U+793E |  Seal script |  Jinwen |  Jianbo | 䄕 Semantic variant | 𥙭 Semantic variant | 𥙲 Semantic variant |
| Radical: | 示+ 3 strokes = 8 strokes total. |
|---|---|
| References: | Guangyun: p.308#38 Kangxi: p.839#26 GSR: 62.j Hanyu: v4,p2386#07 |
| Composition: | Left: 礻, right: 土. Component of: 𠶈 䀅 𨧽 𮆠 |
| Mandarin: | shè ㄕㄜˋ |
| Cantonese: | se5 |
| Tang reconstruction: | zhiǎ |
| Shuowen: | 《示部》社：地主也。从示、土。《春秋传》曰：“共工之子句龙为社神。”《周礼》：“二十五家为社，各树其土所宜之木。” |
| Guangyun: | 《广韵·上声·马·社》社：社稷又汉复姓二氏风俗通云齐昌徙居社南因以爲氏何氏姓苑云右扶风有焉又有社比氏。常者切，三。 |
| Kangxi: | 《康熙字典·示部·三》社：〔古文〕𥙲䄕𥙭《唐韵》《集韵》《韵会》《正韵》𠀤常者切，闍上声。土地神主也。《礼·祭义》建国之神位，右社稷而左宗庙。《诗·小雅》以社以方。《疏》社，五土之神，能生万物者，以古之有大功者配之。共工氏有子句龙爲后土，能平九州，故祀以爲社。后土，土官之名，故世人谓社爲后土。杜预曰：在家则主中溜，在野则爲社。《白虎通》人非土不立，封土立社，示有土也。《礼·祭法》王爲羣姓立社曰大社，王自爲立社曰王社，诸侯爲百姓立社曰国社，诸侯自爲立社曰侯社，大夫以下成羣立社曰置社。又《郊特牲》社祭土，而主隂气也。天子大社，必受霜露风雨，以达天地之气也。○按：社爲地祭，但祭有二祭法，大社卽《郊特牲》所云受霜露风雨，以达天地之气者，曰方丘，亦曰太折。夏日至，地示之祭，于此行焉，此北郊之社与郊对举者也。又王社，《载芟》诗序所谓春籍田而祈社稷，《良耜》诗序所谓秋报社稷者，于此行焉，祭土谷之神，而以句龙后稷配，此库门内右之社，不与郊𠀤称者也。盖大社以祭率土之地示，王社以祭畿内之土谷，均名爲社，而大小则不同耳。又私社。《前汉·五行志》建昭五年，兖州刺吏浩赏，禁民私所自立社。《臣瓒注》旧制二十五家爲一社，而民或十家五家共爲田社，是私社也。又书社。《史记·孔子世家》楚昭王将以书社地封孔子。《注》二十五家爲里，里各立社。书社者，书其社之人名于籍。又社日。《月令广义》立春后五戊爲春社，立秋后五戊爲秋社。又后世宾朋会聚曰结社。《事文类聚》远公结白莲社，以书招渊明。又谢灵运求入净社，远师以心杂止之。又江淮谓母爲社。《淮南子·说山训》社何爱速死，吾必悲哭社。又复姓。《风俗通》齐昌徙居社南，因以爲氏。《何氏姓苑》有社北氏。又叶他鲁切，音土。《前汉·叙传》布历燕齐，叔亦相鲁。民思其故，或金或社。 |
| Fanqie: | 常者 (《广韵·上声·马·社》) |
| Unihan definition: | god of the soil and altars to him; group of families; company, society |
Example usage
| 《论语·八佾》: | 哀公问社于宰我。 |
| The duke Ai asked Zai Wo about the altars of the spirits of the land. | |
| 《孟子·尽心上》: | 有安社稷臣者，以安社稷为悦者也。 |
| There are ministers who seek the tranquillity of the State, and find their pleasure in securing that tranquillity. | |
| 《礼记·曲礼下》: | 国君去其国，止之曰：“奈何去社稷也！” |
| When the ruler of a state (is proposing to) leave it, they should (try to) stop him, saying, 'Why are you leaving the altars of the spirits of the land and grain?' | |
| 《孝经·诸侯》: | 富贵不离其身，然后能保其社稷，而和其民人。 |
| When their riches and nobility do not leave their persons, then they are able to preserve the altars of their land and grain, and to secure the harmony of their people and men in office. | |
| 《扬子法言》: | 种、蠡不强谏而山栖，俾其君诎社稷之灵而童仆，又终毙吴，贤皆不足邵也，至蠡策种而遁，肥矣哉！ |
| Wen Zhong and Fan Li did not strongly remonstrate against King Gou Jian of Yue's plan to attack the state of Wu, and he was held by King Fuchai of Wu for three years on Mount Kuaiji. They caused their ruler to yield the altars of the spirits of earth and become a servant boy to King Fuchai. In the end, they destroyed Wu, but none of them were good enough to be considered worthy. In the end Fan Li sent Wen Zhong a letter warning him to flee and then escaped to go fatten himself! | |
| 《墨子·尚贤上》: | 况又有贤良之士厚乎德行，辩乎言谈，博乎道术者乎，此固国家之珍，而社稷之佐也，亦必且富之，贵之，敬之，誉之，然后国之良士，亦将可得而众也。 |
| How much more should this be done in the case of the virtuous and the excellent who are firm in morality, versed in rhetoric, and experienced in statecraft - since these are the treasures of the nation and props of the state? They should also be enriched, honoured, respected, and commended in order that they may abound. | |
| 《庄子·人间世》: | 匠石之齐，至乎曲辕，见栎社树。 |
| A (master) mechanic, called Shi, on his way to Qi, came to Qu-yuan, where he saw an oak-tree, which was used as the altar for the spirits of the land. | |
| 《道德经》: | 是以圣人云：受国之垢，是谓社稷主。 |
| Therefore a sage has said, 'He who accepts his state's reproach, Is hailed therefore its altars' lord. | |
| 《商君书·更法》: | 君曰：“代立不忘社稷，君之道也。” |
| The prince said: "Not to forget, at his succession, the tutelary spirits of the soil and of grain, is the way of a prince." | |
| 《史记·夏本纪》: | 不用命，僇于社，予则帑僇女。 |
| But you who disobey my orders shall be slain before the altar of the spirits of the land, and I will destroy both you and your children. | |
| 《荀子·礼论》: | 故社，祭社也。 |
| 《说苑·辨物》: | 庄王犹知巷之不善，沟之不浚，今吾子不知畴之为麻，麻之为衣，吾子其不主社稷乎？ |
| 《春秋繁露·竹林》: | 请俱死，无辱宗庙，无羞社稷。 |
| 《韩诗外传·卷四》: | 礼者、治辩之极也，强国之本也，威行之道也，功名之统也，王公由之，所以一天下也，不由之，所以陨社稷也。 |
| 《大戴礼记》: | 孔子愀然作色而对曰：“合二姓之好，以继先圣之后，以为天地、社稷、宗庙之主，君何谓已重乎？” |
| 《白虎通德论·爵》: | 诸侯改元，即事社稷。 |
| 《新书·大政下》: | 诸侯即位享国，社稷血食，而政有命国无君也。 |
| 《新序·善谋下》: | 今秦无德弃义，侵伐诸侯社稷，灭六国之后，使无立锥之地。 |
| 《中论·审大臣》: | 故其得志则邦家治以和，社稷安以固，兆民受其庆，群生赖其泽。 |
| 《孔子家语·大昏解》: | 孔子愀然作色而对曰：“合二姓之好，以继先圣之后，以为天下宗庙社稷之主，君何谓已重乎？” |
| 《潜夫论·本政》: | 故君臣法令善则民安乐，民安乐则天心惣，天心惣则阴阳和，阴阳和则五谷丰，五谷丰而民眉寿，民眉寿则兴于义，兴于义而无奸行，无奸行则世平，而国家宁、社稷安，而君尊荣矣。 |
| 《论衡·儒增》: | 《传》又言：“宋太丘社亡，鼎没水中彭城下。” |
| 《太玄经·唐》: | 次八，唐收禄，社鬼辍哭，或得其沐。 |
| 《风俗通义·六国》: | 然社稷血食者八九百载，于姬姓独后亡，非盛德之遗烈，岂其然乎？ |
| 《孔丛子·居卫》: | 耆老曰：‘君不为社稷乎？’ |
| 《申鉴·杂言上》: | 曰：“人主承天命以养民者也，民存则社稷存，民亡则社稷亡，故重民者，所以重社稷而承天命也。” |
| 《忠经·天地神明章》: | 忠能固君臣、安社稷、感天地、动神明，而况于人乎？ |
| 《新语·至德》: | 于是齐桓公遣大夫高子立僖公而诛夫人，逐庆父而还季子，然后社稷复存，子孙反业，岂不谓微弱者哉？ |
| 《独断·卷上》: | 右社稷，西曰右，宗庙、社稷皆在库门之内、雉门之外，天子三昭三穆与太祖之庙七，七庙一坛一墠，曰考庙、皇考庙、显考庙、祖考庙，皆月祭之。 |
| 《蔡中郎集·独断》: | 其乡射行礼，公卿冠委貌，衣玄端，执事者皮弁服，宫门仆射冠却非，大乐郊社祝舞者冠建华，其状如妇人缕簏，迎气五郊舞者所冠，亦为冕，车驾出后有巧士冠，似高山冠而小。 |
| 《列子·周穆王》: | 指社曰：“此若里之社。” |
| 《鶡冠子·环流》: | 夫社不塜，则不成雾。 |
| 《文子·符言》: | 修其境内之事，尽其地方，劝民守死，坚其城郭，上下一心，与之守社稷，即为饰者不伐无罪，为利者不攻难得，此必全之道，必利之理。 |
| 《列仙传·文宾》: | 至正月朝，傥能会乡亭西社中邪？ |
| 《老子河上公章句》: | 莫知己德者有极，则可以有社稷，为民致福。 |
| 《韩非子·初见秦》: | 而谋臣不为，引军而退，复与荆人为和，令荆人得收亡国，聚散民，立社稷，主置宗庙，令率天下西面以与秦为难，此固以失霸王之道一矣。 |
| 《管子·轻重丁》: | 三败，杀君二重臣，定社稷者吾，此皆以孤突之地封者也，故山地者山也，水地者泽也。 |
| 《吴子·图国》: | 有扈氏之君，恃众好勇，以丧其社稷。 |
| 《六韬·明传》: | 夫将弃予，周之社稷，将以属汝。 |
| 《司马法·仁本》: | 乃告于皇天上帝，日月星辰，祷于后土四海神祇，山川冢社，乃造于先王。 |
| 《尉缭子·兵教上》: | 所以开封疆，守社稷，除患害，成武德也。 |
You can examine all occurrences of this character or phrase in Pre-Qin and Han texts or Post-Han texts on the site.
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