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ctext:609086

Relation	Target	Textual basis
type	person
name	陳嗣慶
born	1150
died	1223
authority-wikidata	Q705695
link-wikipedia_zh	陳嗣慶
link-wikipedia_en	Trần_Tự_Khánh

Marquis Chương Thành Trần Tự Khánh (died 1223) was a general of the Lý Dynasty during the reigns of Lý Cao Tông and Lý Huệ Tông. He was son of Trần Lý, head of the Trần clan, and brother of Trần Thừa and Trần Thị Dung who married to Lý Huệ Tông. Renowned as a skilled general, Trần Tự Khánh was one of the most prominent figures during the turbulent time at the end of Cao Tông and the beginning of Huệ Tông's rule. He had many victories on the battlefield and was responsible for putting down several revolts against the Lý Dynasty. Although died before the coronation of his nephew Trần Thái Tông, Trần Tự Khánh was considered one of the main factors that led to the rising position of the Trần clan in the royal court and ultimately the overthrowing of the Lý Dynasty by Trần Thủ Độ to create the Trần Dynasty.

Background

Trần Tự Khánh was born as the second son of Trần Lý who made his great fortune by fishing in Lưu Gia village (now Hưng Hà, Thái Bình). He had an elder brother Trần Thừa, who fathered the future first emperor of Trần Dynasty Trần Thái Tông, and a younger sister Trần Thị Dung. During the troubled time under the reign of Lý Cao Tông, the Crown Prince Lý Sảm sought refuge in Trần Lý's family and decided to marry his beautiful daughter Trần Thị Dung in 1209.

History

In March 1210 Trần Tự Khánh with his army of Trần's house servants helped the Crown Prince return to the capital, Thăng Long; therefore he was awarded the title Count Thuận Lưu (Vietnamese: Thuận Lưu bá). One year after, the Crown Prince Lý Sảm was enthroned as Lý Huệ Tông after the death of Lý Cao Tông, by then the Trần clan's position began to rise in the royal court. After his coronation, Huệ Tông ordered Trần Tự Khánh to bring his sister to royal palace, the mission was successfully conducted by Trần Tự Khánh's subordinate Phùng Tá Chu who also helped general Tô Trung Từ pacify the revolt of Đỗ Quảng near Thăng Long. As a result, Tô Trung Từ was promoted to Regent of the Emperor while Trần Tự Khánh was also granted the title Marquis Chương Thành (Chương Thành hầu).

Besides the revolt of Đỗ Quảng, there were many warlords who rose up their troops against the rule of the Lý Dynasty. One of them, Đoàn Thượng, even self-entitled as Prince (Vương) and was so powerful that no generals of the Emperor could put down his revolt. These revolts with the incapability of the royal court made the ruling Lý Dynasty gradually weaken. In February 1213, afraid that his sister was ill-treated by the Empress Mother Đàm, Trần Tự Khánh led his army to the royal palace with the petition of receiving the Emperor, Trần Tự Khánh's action made Lý Huệ Tông suspected that he in fact wanted to overpower the Emperor, Huệ Tông thus ordered an issue of imprisoning Trần Tự Khánh and downgrading his sister Trần Thị Dung from Royal Consort (nguyên phi) to palace maid (ngự nữ). The imprisonment of Trần Tự Khánh was not carried out and he again brought troops near Thăng Long in January 1214 with the same petition. Afraid that Trần Tự Khánh had a conspiracy against the royal family, Lý Huệ Tông decided to escape from Thăng Long to Lạng Sơn, always with the pursuit of Trần Tự Khánh. Only after Trần Tự Khánh put down the revolt of Đinh Khả and Bùi Đô in May 1214, the Emperor restored his sister as Lady Thuận Trinh (Thuận Trinh phu nhân). However, she was still distrusted by the Empress Mother Đàm who tried to force Trần Thị Dung commit suicide several times and finally Lý Huệ Tông had to escape with Lady Thuận Trinh to the garrison of Trần Tự Khánh in Cửu Liên Marsh (now Yên Mỹ, Hưng Yên). The first child of Huệ Tông and Lady Thuận Trinh, Princess Thuận Thiên was born here in June 1216.

In December 1216 Lady Thuận Trinh was entitled as Empress of Lý Dynasty, hence Trần Tự Khánh was appointed for the position of Regent of the Emperor and commander in charge of military training and preparing. Being a skilled general, Trần Tự Khánh was able to improve the military situation of the Lý Dynasty's army. During that time, Huệ Tông's health declined rapidly and so the power in the royal court was gradually fallen into the hand of the Trần clan led by Trần Tự Khánh. Outside the royal palace, Đại Việt was still in a chaotic situation by the revolts Nguyễn Nộn, Đoàn Thượng, and mountainous people in Chương Mỹ. After his failure of pacifying the revolt in Chương Mỹ, Trần Tự Khánh advised the Emperor to pardon Nguyễn Nộn and appoint him to take charge of putting down the Chương Mỹ's revolt.

Trần Tự Khánh died in December 1223 and was posthumously entitled as Prince Kiến Quốc (Kiến Quốc đại vương). Although unable to witness the successful plot to overthrow the Lý Dynasty and found Trần Dynasty by his cousin Trần Thủ Độ in 1225, Trần Tự Khánh was still considered as one of the main figures that led to the collapse of the Lý Dynasty and the creation of the Trần Dynasty.

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陳嗣慶（；？ - 1224年），越南李朝晚期的政治人物。陳嗣慶出身於即墨鄉陳氏豪族，1209年，其妹陳氏嫁與太子李旵（即李惠宗），陳氏一家成為李朝外戚，而他本人於父親陳李死後，統領陳氏家族。其後，陳嗣慶乘國內動盪起兵控制朝廷，於1216年出任太尉，掌握軍事大權。在朝中，因李惠宗皇帝患病常發癲狂，陳嗣慶與兄長陳承共同主政，此外又致力打擊阮嫩、段尚等地方割據勢力。陳嗣慶死後，獲追封為建國大王（又作建國王），他的族弟陳守度繼續操縱李朝朝政，並最終令陳承之子陳煚取得帝位，創立陳朝。

家世及出身

陳嗣慶的先世，自中國遷入越南後，居於即墨鄉（在南定），世代以漁為業，並因此致富，《大越史記全書》便提到陳氏一族在當地勢力漸盛，「傍人歸之，因有眾」。

陳嗣慶是李朝晚期陳氏領袖陳李的次子。李朝在高宗時期（1175年至1210年在位）呈現衰像，「朝政紊亂，民心乖離」，亂事頻繁，「盜賊蜂起」，朝廷統治威信低落。1209年（治平龍應五年），將領郭卜在國都昇龍（今河內市）造反，攻入皇宮，李高宗與太子李旵出逃。李旵在途中娶陳李之女陳氏，私底下對陳氏一家大行封賞，如封陳李為明字（「明字」為李朝爵號名），陳氏之舅蘇忠詞（一作蘇忠嗣）為「殿前指揮使」。其後，陳氏兄弟召集鄉兵，平定郭卜的亂事，並護送李高宗返京。

1210年（治平龍應六年），陳李去世，陳嗣慶繼承其領導地位，並獲李氏朝廷封賜爵號。關於他的爵銜，越南古代史籍記載有異。《越史略》記載是「順流明字」，《大越史記全書》則記載為為「順流伯」。。

同年，李高宗死，太子李旵繼位，是為李惠宗（1210年─1224年在位）。1211年（建嘉元年），陳嗣慶遣人送妹妹陳氏入宮，立為「元妃」，陳嗣慶本人獲晉爵為「彰誠侯」，其舅蘇忠詞（一作蘇忠嗣）為太尉、封順流伯。

控制朝廷

雖然陳氏家族成為李朝外戚，但陳嗣慶卻起兵進犯朝廷。陳嗣慶之所以出兵，據《越史略》所載，是由於1211年（建嘉元年），與嗣慶為敵的洪州（一作烘州）割據勢力領袖段尚、段文雷（《安南志略》作「段摩雷」），向李惠宗進讒稱「嗣慶將發兵赴京師，欲圖改立」。李惠宗聽信其言，就調動兵馬討伐嗣慶，並貶陳氏為「御女」，陳嗣慶遂起兵造反。1212年（建嘉二年）農曆二月，陳氏軍隊攻入國都昇龍（今河內），李惠宗、譚太后（李惠宗生母）被俘，李惠宗發誓自己願意「遜於天位，以讓賢德」，嗣慶聞言後「叩頭流血」，撤出國都，暫時解除對朝廷的威脅。

同年十二月，嗣慶以朝臣尹信翊「阿諛上意、瀆亂」為由，再次發兵入京，捕尹信翊。1213年二月，陳嗣慶聽聞「惠后為太后所苦」，認為妹妹遭受虐待，便又「以兵犯闕」。李惠宗「發諸道兵捕嗣慶」，支持朝廷的各路軍隊中，包括洪州割據者段尚、北江道諸軍等等。陳嗣慶為緩和緊張氣氛，於三月放尹信翊回京，臨行前收買信翊，要求他向李惠宗、譚太后說好話，勸他們「勿聽小人之言，使予得以保全性命」，但尹信翊回宮後卻說「嗣慶有篡逆之心」，令李惠宗、譚太后更為忌恨。四月，李惠宗命太尉譚以蒙調集軍隊，準備與陳嗣慶對決。

1214年（建嘉四年）正月，陳氏軍隊從水陸兩路，向國都昇龍進發。在雙方交戰中，陳氏軍隊取得多次勝利。李惠宗欲親攻嗣慶，途中適值大霧，遇上陳氏軍中的王犁、阮改部隊，犁、改「鼓譟勒兵」，朝廷軍竟不戰自潰，李惠宗逃脫，而龍舟被陳氏軍所獲；太尉譚以蒙、安仁王率北江道諸軍，到達安沿步時被陳承（嗣慶之兄）擊敗；陳守度、陳獻琛在慈調步擊敗朝廷軍；潘鄰（又作潘隣）、阮嫩在椰市，擊敗洪州段氏軍隊。陳氏在各處獲勝後，嗣慶分遣諸將招撫要地，賴靈守義住，潘鄰守超類、陳守度守朗隘、范茄守貧隘、阮嫩守北江。段尚、段文雷、段可攻陳守度，但被守度擊退；李惠宗派安鐵人申長、申荄等進攻阮嫩，但亦反被殲滅。

陳氏軍隊接連獲勝後，陳嗣慶剪下頭髮，派人贈給李惠宗，以示謝罪，並說「臣見群小在側，壅遏忠良，……故因國人之怒，起兵以討此輩，剪除禍根，以慰眾心耳」，要求李惠宗在陳氏軍隊的護送下，一同返京。李惠宗雖欲妥協，但因譚太后聽尹信翊所說「彼人久蓄異心，欲設計以俘囚耳」，堅持不許依從陳嗣慶，惠宗便與譚太后、御女陳氏一同出逃，繼續對抗陳嗣慶。陳嗣慶則改立李英宗之子惠文王為新君，改元「乾寧」，號「元皇」。

陳嗣慶得勢後，在國都昇龍肆行搶掠及破壞。1214年四月，陳嗣慶發兵，「畧官府金銀貨物」，派人「焚京都宮室十九所」。九月丁亥，陳嗣慶「縱軍士虜御府財物，因焚其宮室及京城人家殆盡」。但與此同時，陳嗣慶手下將領背叛者漸多。同年四月，甘蔗將軍潘具、杜備作反，嗣慶派兵征討，但不勝而回。阮嫩亦作反，佔據北江。

1216年（建嘉六年）五月，李惠宗因杲人杜芮作亂，加上獲悉譚太后欲殺陳氏，就與陳氏一同投奔嗣慶軍中。同年十二月，陳氏被冊立為皇后，陳嗣慶任太尉，陳承任內侍判首。嗣慶遂取得「調補軍伍、造戰器、習武藝」的權力，陳氏一族「軍勢稍振」。

其後，李惠宗患病，據史籍記載他「中風疾，醫治不驗」。1217年（建嘉七年），惠宗「漸發狂」，處理政事的能力亦受影響，遂由陳嗣慶主理朝政，從此「天下大權漸移焉」。

征討群雄

對洪州段氏的戰事

洪州段氏的主要領導者，有段尚、段文雷（又作段摩雷）等人。段尚是嘉祿樁度人，據《越史略》所載，段尚曾於1207年（治平龍應三年）農曆八月作反，與段文雷據有烘州（即洪州）。1211年（建嘉元年），陳嗣慶與洪州段氏相攻，李氏朝廷卻封段尚為侯爵。1212年（建嘉二年），李惠宗命段尚募洪州人民為兵，段尚見朝廷勢弱，在當地擅作威福，被群臣彈劾下獄，但逃回洪州，「嘯聚群黨，築城稱王」，李氏朝廷亦無從制止。其後李惠宗討伐陳嗣慶，段尚協助朝廷，但在戰事中不敵陳氏軍隊。

陳嗣慶成功控制朝廷後，1217年（建嘉七年），段尚「舉眾降」，獲冊封為王。1218年（建嘉八年），陳嗣慶為了抗衡割據北江的阮嫩，就與段氏結成姻親，將妹妹陳三娘嫁與段文雷。此事在黎崱的《安南志略》亦有記載，但人名略有差異：「昊旵時，國威州賊沅年（當即阮嫩），號金天大王，與烘路段摩雷叛。陳（指陳承）與建國（指陳嗣慶）擊之。不克。乃說摩雷和親，併力攻年，反為所敗。」另外，據《大越史記全書》所載，陳朝開國後，段尚在1228年（建中四年）被阮嫩所消滅。

對阮嫩的戰事

阮嫩是仙遊扶明人。據《越史略》，阮嫩是北江地區將領，因得陳嗣慶賞識，收為己用。1214年（建嘉四年），阮嫩協助陳嗣慶，率領國威州兵，據守北江，擊敗朝廷軍隊。但同年四月背叛陳嗣慶，據北江。六月，李惠宗封之為侯，1215年（建嘉五年）二月，晉封為王。其後數年，陳嗣慶出兵征討阮嫩，但未能將之消滅。1219年（建嘉九年）二月，陳嗣慶向惠宗奏請阮嫩曾「從軍擊賊以贖罪」，惠宗許之。1220年三月，阮嫩在扶董鄉自稱「懷道王」，並向朝廷稱臣。最後，阮嫩病死，陳氏才大致統一全國。

對各地勢力的戰事

• 丁感：1211年（建嘉元年）農曆七月，陳嗣慶攻麻雷地區的丁感，但戰敗而回。十月，嗣慶再攻，丁感戰敗，逃入山獠。

• 國威州：1213年（建嘉三年）二月，陳嗣慶攻國威州，降之。

• 丁可、裴都：1214年（建嘉四年）五月，陳嗣慶與丁可、裴都交戰於大黃州，嗣慶成功將之擊破。

• 阮堂：快路地區的阮堂原助陳嗣慶對抗阮嫩，但後來阮堂叛嗣慶，與阮嫩通謀。1215年（建嘉五年）三月，陳嗣慶攻快鄉的阮堂，阮堂及其子阮吐投降。阮嫩攻阮堂，被嗣慶所擊退。五月，嗣慶將其妹陳三娘嫁與阮堂。

• 大黃：1215年五月，嗣慶攻大黃地區，但軍潰，將軍阮堂溺死。

• 廣威蠻：1218年（建嘉八年）十月，陳嗣慶征討廣威蠻，但未能討滅。

• 何高：1220年（建嘉十年）四月，陳嗣慶與陳承率兵攻歸化寨的何高，包圍甚急，何高自殺，於是上源路、三帶江等皆平。

• 蒙柵山獠：1223年（建嘉十三年）孟冬十月，陳嗣慶伐蒙柵山獠。

去世及權力傳承

陳嗣慶於建嘉十三年農曆十二月己卯日（西曆1224年1月3日）去世，追封為「建國大王」。李惠宗與譚太后都出席其喪禮，史載二人「哭之盡哀」。

陳嗣慶死後，其兄陳承任「輔國太尉」，族弟陳守度為「領殿前諸軍扈衞禁庭」，陳氏繼續控制朝廷。同年十月，李惠宗之女李佛金即皇帝位，是為李昭皇。1225年（天彰有道二年），陳守度安排陳承之子陳煚娶李昭皇。不久，便令陳煚取代李氏帝位，建立陳朝。

親屬

• 父：陳李。為陳氏家族領導人物，1210年（治平龍應六年）死後由陳嗣慶繼領其眾。

• 母：蘇氏。1213年（建嘉三年）初，陳嗣慶興兵犯闕，一度攻入皇宮，安置其母蘇氏在內。後來李氏朝廷反攻，蘇氏「踰城登舟而遁」，得以脫險。

• 舅：蘇忠詞（一作蘇忠嗣）。1209年（治平龍應五年）太子李旵娶陳氏，蘇忠詞亦獲授任殿前指揮使，後來於1211年（建嘉元年）李旵即位後授任為太尉。

• 兄：陳承。陳嗣慶死後任太尉，其子陳煚最終取代李氏帝位。

• 妹：陳氏。嫁與李朝太子李旵。

• 妹：陳三娘。1215年（建嘉五年）陳嗣慶安排嫁與快路割據者阮堂。不久阮堂死。1218年（建嘉八年）陳嗣慶將她嫁與洪州割據者段文雷。

• 族弟：陳守度。陳嗣慶死後，由其繼續主理李朝朝政，及安排奪取帝位。

• 姪：陳煚。陳承之子，娶李惠宗之女李昭皇，最後取代帝位。

※以上各項，散見於《越史略》及《大越史記全書》等史籍。

評價

越南後黎朝時期史家吳士連認為，陳嗣慶對李氏朝廷起兵，是「跡非而情順」的表現：「陳嗣慶以惠後為太后所苦之故興兵犯闕，請奉迎乘輿，當此之時，人心不能無疑，惠宗所以有收捕之令而不克。嗣慶欲其事之必成而屢動，乘輿播遷至再，罪皎然也。然而惠宗、惠後卒依嗣慶以安，則其罪釋矣。跡非而情順，文不與而實與也。」後黎朝另一位史家黎嵩認為，陳嗣慶控制李氏朝廷，實屬一段昏亂的歷史時期，「君弱臣強，天怨人怒，政暴刑繁，民窮盜起，而喪國之兆，已決於斯矣」。

注釋

參考書籍

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參考網頁

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