Sun Shiyi (孫士毅 Sūn Shìyì, Vietnamese: Tôn Sĩ Nghị; 1720 – 1796), courtesy name
Zhizhi (智冶), pseudonym
Bushan (補山), was an official of the
Qing dynasty who served as the
Viceroy of Liangguang and
of Liangjiang during the reign of the
Qianlong Emperor.
A native of Renhe (present-day Yuhang District, Zhejiang), as a youth, Sun was devoted to study and was said to have prevented drowsiness by knocking his head against a wall. Awarded a jinshi degree in the imperial examination in 1761, he was secretary to Fuheng during his Burmese expedition, and in 1770 had risen to be Treasurer of Guangxi, when he was cashiered for want of energy, and orders were given to confiscate his property. Struck with the fact that nothing was found to confiscate, the Qianlong Emperor re-employed him.
In 1788, as Viceroy of Liangguang, he invaded Annam and reinstalled the emperor Lê Chiêu Thống, who had fled in fear of the rebel Nguyễn Huệ. His forces were beaten by the Tây Sơn armies, and it was ultimately decided to leave Annam alone. He was sent to Sichuan to see the supplies of the army fighting in Tibet, into which country he advanced over terrible mountains as far as Chamdo. In 1792, on the conclusion of the war with Nepal, the suppression of the White Lotus Rebellion occupied his last days. His physical powers were marvellous, and he required hardly any sleep. He was a great collector of ancient inscriptions. He was ennobled as Duke Mouyong of the First Class (一等謀勇公).
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孫士毅（1720年 - 1796年），字
智冶，號
補山，浙江仁和縣（今屬餘杭區）臨平鎮人，
清朝政治人物，官至文華殿大學士。
Read more...: 生平 著作 身後 注釋
生平
乾隆二十六年（1761年）中進士，次年授內閣中書，特授翰林院侍讀。三十三年（1768年），任戊子科四川正主考。次年春，隨大學士傅恆督師征伐緬甸，專典章奏。敍軍功授戶部廣西司郎中。旋任庚寅鄉試湖南正主考，升大理寺卿，出為廣西布政使，調雲南。未幾升為巡撫，因總督李侍堯貪瀆革職，以失察遣戍伊犁，簿錄其家，不名一錢。乾隆帝嘉其廉，改授翰林院編修，纂編《四庫全書》。編成後，升太常寺少卿。復出為山東布政使、廣西巡撫、廣東巡撫，奉旨接替舒常代理擔任兩廣總督兼管粵海關務。五十一年（1786年），台灣天地會林爽文起事，赴潮州戒備鎮壓。次年，晉太子太保。
五十三年（1788年），安南西山軍的阮惠推翻後黎朝，奪取皇位。國王黎維祁叩關求救。孫士毅率師佈防鎮南關，向乾隆帝奏報其事。乾隆帝表彰孫士毅識輕重、知大體，令其與雲南總督烏大經兵分兩路攻打安南，送黎維祁歸國復位。孫士毅所率之兩廣兵勢如劈竹，攻破昇龍（今越南河內市），比烏大經的雲南兵更為迅速。乾隆帝大喜，封為一等謀勇公，賜紅寶石頂，但為孫士毅推辭。乾隆帝冊封黎維祁為安南國王之後，命孫士毅其班師，但孫士毅卻貪圖軍功逗留安南。次年正月，阮惠趁春節之機突襲昇龍，黎維祁逃入鎮南關，清軍大敗，倉猝退入關內。乾隆帝以孫士毅不遵詔班師，罷封爵，並撤紅寶石頂、雙眼花翎，解除總督職，命駐鎮南關治事。不久召還京師，授兵部尚書，充軍機大臣。是年冬，命署四川總督，旋代兩江總督。時徐州黃河決口，築毛城鋪壩堰，救援災民，俱稱旨意。五十六年（1791年），召授吏部尚書，協辦大學士。同年，清廷與廓爾喀發生戰爭，命助四川總督籌餉，饋運無缺，以功復賜雙眼花翎，授文淵閣大學士兼禮部尚書，暫代四川總督。六十年春，湖南苗人起事，攻入四川秀山境內，四川總督孫士毅同成都將軍觀成率兵鎮壓。嘉慶元年（1796年），湖北白蓮教教徒起事，侵入四川酉陽境內，孫士毅率兵鎮壓，屢次獲勝，封三等男爵。六月，卒於軍中，追贈公爵爵位，諡文靖。其孫孫均襲其伯爵之位。
著作
孫士毅工詩，有《百一山房集》詩賦十二卷存世。
身後
孫士毅與和珅關係友善，病篤之時請求加入旗籍。乾隆帝特許之，將孫均抬入漢軍正白旗。原計劃授予散秩大臣之職，但由于孫均年幼便取消了這個決定。嘉慶十一年（1806年），孫均奏稱因疾病殘廢，請求嘉慶帝將世襲伯爵之位傳給堂弟孫玉墀。嘉慶帝下諭：「孫士毅攻克黎城（即昇龍城），皇考（乾隆帝）令其班師歸國；但他意在貪功，延遲歸期，導致兵敗逃入鎮南關內，其所奏之中多有虛假掩飾之辭。朕考慮到皇考的遺願，未予以追究求責。現在孫均既然得病殘廢，孫士毅原先所授予的伯爵之位應當裁撤，並令孫均出旗歸原籍。」
注釋
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original article.
