History

During Lý Anh Tôngs reign

According to Từ điển bách khoa toàn thư Việt Nam, the birthyear of Tô Hiến Thành was unknown; he was born in the Hạ Mỗ village (now Đan Phượng, Hanoi). Since his family name was Tô, there was a hypothesis that he might have a kinship with Tô thị, the wife of Đỗ Anh Vũ who was the most powerful figure in the royal court during the early reign of Lý Anh Tông.

Tô Hiến Thành was mentioned for the first time in historical account for his role in pacifying the rebellion of Thân Lợi. In 1140, Thân Lợi called himself the son of Lý Nhân Tông and raised a revolt against Lý Anh Tông in the northern region (now Thái Nguyên). Thân Lợi's army was finally suppressed by Lý troops led by Đỗ Anh Vũ while Thân Lợi was captured by Tô Hiến Thành and beheaded by the order of Lý Anh Tông in the tenth month of 1141. It was Tô Hiến Thành who advised the emperor to grant amnesty for members of the rebellion to demonstrate the kindness of the dynasty to its people.

During the early rule of Lý Anh Tông, the most powerful official was Đỗ Anh Vũ who decided military and civil matters of Đại Việt, but Tô Hiến Thành, as a court minister, began to prove his ability in the royal court. The historian Trần Trọng Kim remarked that Đỗ Anh Vũ did not take any further step in taking power only because of the appearance of such skilled officials like Tô Hiến Thành, Hoàng Nghĩa Hiền or Lý Công Tín.

After the death of Đỗ Anh Vũ, in 1158, Tô Hiến Thành became the most prominent figure in the royal court who helped the emperor successfully rule the country. In the fifth month of 1159, Tô Hiến Thành put down the revolt of Ngưu Hống and Ai Lao in the western border and was promoted to the position of commander-in-chief (Thái úy) of Đại Việt army. In this position, Tô Hiến Thành conducted several measures to improve the efficiency of the army such as reorganizing, recruiting strong and young people, choosing capable commanders and stepping up the exercise in army.

In the seventh month of 1167, Lý Anh Tông appointed Tô Hiến Thành commander of the military campaign against the kingdom of Champa, a campaign which was ordered to abandon after the king of Champa, Jaya Indravarman IV, proposed a withdrawal of the Lý Dynasty by offering Lý Anh Tông tribute. Originally holding a military position in the royal court, Tô Hiến Thành helped the emperor improve the efficiency of the Lý army and paid attention to the development of Confucian learning in the country. After the advice of Tô Hiến Thành, Lý Anh Tông issued the establishment the first temple of Confucius in Thăng Long in 1156. Formerly, Confucius was jointly worshiped in the Temple of Literature, Hanoi.

Self-castration was banned by Tô Hiến Thành

During Lý Cao Tôngs reign

In 1175, the emperor was seriously ill and decided to entrust the regentship of his son Lý Long Trát to Tô Hiến Thành. The regent was appointed to the position of chancellor of the Lý Dynasty (Thái phó bình chương quân quốc trọng sự) and granted the title Prince (Vương) — an unprecedented act of a Lý emperor for a title that was reserved exclusively for members of the royal family. During the Lý Dynasty, Tô Hiến Thành was the only possessor of the title Prince who did not come from the Lý royal family. From the fourth month of 1175, Tô Hiến Thành began his regency because the emperor was not able to rule the country as the crown prince was only two years old. The emperor died in the seventh month in 1175 and began the campaign of the Empress Mother in supporting another prince, Lý Long Xưởng, to replace the infant emperor Lý Long Trát, now Lý Cao Tông. The Empress Mother tried to bribe Tô Hiến Thành's wife and persuaded the regent many times. Tô Hiến Thành refused by a simple answer that he had to follow the order of the late emperor and preferred being honest to being rich but disloyal. His firmness in refusing the proposal of the Empress Mother and controlling the army and order during the funeral time made other officials believe in Lý Cao Tông. They therefore declined the campaign of replacing him by the prince Lý Long Xưởng.

During his regentship, Tô Hiến Thành proved to be a skilled official with deep knowledge in military and civil matters. The regent died in 1179. To mourn the death of Tô Hiến Thành, the emperor stopped attending the royal court for six days and cut down his meals for three days. According to Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, when he was ill, Tô Hiến Thành was thoughtfully cared by the official Vũ Tán Đường while the mandarin Trần Trung Tá did not visit the regent due to busy work. Nevertheless, when the Empress Mother personally visited and asked Tô Hiến Thành in his dying moments about a successor for his position, the regent at once recommended Trần Trung Tá. Being asked by the Empress Mother why he did not mention the devoted Vũ Tán Đường, Tô Hiến Thành responded: "Because Your Highness asked for a successor of my position, I choose Trần Trung Tá, in case Your Highness need a servant, I will recommend Vũ Tán Đường."

However, after Tô Hiến Thành's death, the Empress Mother did not follow his advice and the Lý Dynasty began to fall into a turbulent time and finally collapsed in 1225.

Legacy

The talent and faithful character of Tô Hiến Thành was highly appreciated in the History of Vietnam. In 1394, the Retired Emperor Trần Nghệ Tông of the Trần Dynasty ordered his painter to draw an illustration about four exemplary regents, in which only Tô Hiến Thành was from Đại Việt. The other three — the Duke of Zhou, Huo Guang and Zhuge Liang — all came from China. Because of his achievements and loyalty for the infant emperor, Tô Hiến Thành was often compared with Zhuge Liang who was the dedicated regent for Liu Shan.

Today, a main street in Hanoi and many places in Vietnam are named in honour of Tô Hiến Thành. Each year a traditional festival is held in Phú Xuyên in the first lunar month to commemorate his feats. In the Lý Bát Đế Shrine, the traditional temple for worshiping the emperors of the Lý Dynasty, Tô Hiến Thành is one of only two civil mandarins who are jointly worshiped, along with Lý Đạo Thành.

生平

早年武功

蘇憲誠生於今河內市丹鳳縣賀姥社。時權臣杜英武之妻蘇氏，可能與蘇憲誠有親戚關係，但蘇憲誠等正直大臣遏制了杜英武篡權的圖謀。1141年（大定二年），有算卦者名申利，冒稱李仁宗之子，聚眾作亂，為杜英武擊敗，申利逃亡諒州（即諒山），為蘇憲誠生擒押解回京。朝廷赦免了叛軍其他參與者，以示君王愛民之心。

1159年（大定二十年），蘇憲誠征討牛吼、哀牢叛亂，大有斬獲，獲封太尉。1160年（大定二十一年），憲誠與費公信訓練士卒，選拔人才充任將校。1161年（大定二十二年），蘇憲誠、杜安頤領兵兩萬巡邊西南，得李英宗親送。

1167年（政隆寶應五年），蘇憲誠領兵伐占城。

文治輔國

1175年（天感至寶二年），拜蘇憲誠入內檢校太傅平章軍國重事王爵，輔佐太子。四月李英宗病重，遺命蘇憲誠輔佐新皇即李高宗。時英宗昭靈太后欲立前廢太子李龍昶，用金銀賄賂憲誠妻呂氏，為憲誠堅決拒絕。蘇憲誠提倡學問，請在昇龍南門建立孔廟，尊重儒學。

1179年（高宗貞符四年），蘇憲誠病重，參知政事武贊唐日夜服侍。而高宗生母杜太后親往探病，諮詢後繼人選時，蘇憲誠推薦了諫議大夫陳忠佐，表示只在舉薦服侍人選時才推薦武贊唐。不久病逝。太后雖嘉許其忠心，終未遵其遺言。

評價

蘇憲誠忠誠輔佐幼君，常被後人比為越南的諸葛亮。

越南陳朝末年，陳藝宗賜權臣胡季犛四輔圖：周公輔周成王，霍光輔漢昭帝，諸葛亮輔後主，蘇憲誠輔李高宗。其中只有蘇憲誠圖是唯一越南本國的歷史相關的。

史官吳士連：蘇憲誠受託孤之寄，盡忠竭誠，善處于變，雖震撼擊撞，而中流屹乎砥柱，卒使上安下順，不愧古大臣之風。況臨終之際，為國薦賢，不以私恩，太后不用其言，李氏之不幸也。

現在河內有很多以蘇憲誠命名的街道。每年正月在富川縣都有紀念活動。而在祭祀李朝歷代皇帝的李八帝廟，蘇憲誠和李道成是僅有的兩名同享祭祀的官員。

註腳